COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
肩功能 CSA 分數改善
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- ?Domain 1 隨機化過程:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為平行組單盲隨機對照試驗(運動 n=22 vs 運動加針灸 n=13),主要結局為 CSA 肩關節複合分數在治療結束(6 週)及 20 週的組間比較。隨機化:以亂數表產生序列(1.1 Y),基線均衡(1.3 PN),但未描述分配隱匿(1.2 NI),此域有一定疑慮。偏離介入:對照組無假針、病人與施針者皆知情(2.1/2.2 Y),惟採 ITT 分析、共同介入均衡、無試驗情境所致偏離(2.6 Y),指派效果估計適當。缺失資料:僅少數退出、以 LOCF 補並另作捨棄缺失之敏感度分析,缺失影響小(3.1 PY→此域低風險)。結局測量:CSA 客觀成分(65%)由盲化評估者測得,但主觀疼痛/日常活動(35%)由未盲病人自報、有被知情影響的可能(4.3/4.4 Y、4.5 PN),此域屬 some concerns。選擇性報告:有事前樣本數計算,但無註冊/SAP 可確認事前定案(5.1 NI),量測與分析報告完整(5.2/5.3 PN)。整體而言,本結局的偏誤傾向落在『部分疑慮』,主要來自分配隱匿未報告及未盲病人自報的主觀成分。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the patients were randomly allocated to one of the two treatment groups, using the random table method.患者以隨機表(亂數表)法隨機分配到兩個治療組之一。
- 理由:明確使用亂數表(random table method)產生分配序列,屬含隨機成分的方法,答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:全文僅述以亂數表隨機分配,未描述任何分配隱匿機制(如中央分配、密封不透明信封、藥物容器等),無法判斷納入前分配序列是否隱匿,故 NI。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, and duration of symptoms.兩組在年齡、性別、症狀持續時間上無統計顯著差異。
- 理由:基線(性別 P=1.000、年齡 P=0.365、病程 P=0.470)皆均衡,關鍵預後因子無不平衡。組別人數 22 vs 13(相對 1:1 有落差),但以非限制性隨機(亂數表)而言此差距與機遇相容(雙尾約 P≈0.18),不足以指向隨機化出問題,故 PN。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:we designed the current randomised, single-blind controlled clinical trial ... Contralateral needling was adopted ... to evoke a marked needling sensation (de qi)本研究為隨機、單盲對照試驗;採對側取穴針刺,並誘發明顯針感(得氣)。
- 理由:單盲設計、對照組僅接受運動而無假針,針灸組接受真實穿透針刺並誘發明顯得氣,受試者必然知道自己是否接受針灸,故 Y。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The therapist was blinded to the two groups of patients. In addition, acupuncture was administered ... by another physiotherapist, using classical Chinese acupuncture.帶運動的治療師對兩組分組是盲的;另由一位物理治療師施行古典中醫針刺。
- 理由:帶運動的治療師雖被盲化,但實際施行針灸的另一位物理治療師必然知道哪些人接受針灸(施治者知情),故施治者整體而言知道分組,答 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:No patient took analgesic therapy other than ketoprofen, or received other types of therapy for the shoulder pain during the study period.研究期間沒有患者使用 ketoprofen 以外的止痛藥,或接受其他肩痛療法。
- 理由:無證據顯示因試驗情境而產生偏離協議的介入;退出(針灸組 1 人因怕針痛、運動組 4 人於 6 週後退出)屬試驗外也會發生的非依從/退出,非試驗情境所致的協議偏離,故 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Statistical analysis was conducted based on the intention-to-treat principle. Specifically, all recruited patients were analysed as randomised regardless of the actual treatment received or whether they withdrew before the end of follow-up.統計分析採意向治療原則;所有納入患者一律按隨機分組分析,不論實際接受何種治療或是否在追蹤結束前退出。
- 理由:明確採 ITT,所有隨機分配者依原分組分析、退出者亦納入(缺失以 LOCF 補),屬估計指派效果的適當分析,故 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:One patient in the exercise plus acupuncture group discontinued treatment after the second acupuncture session due to fear of needle pain, while four patients withdrew from the exercise group after 6 weeks of exercise practice.針灸組 1 人在第二次針灸後因怕針痛停止治療,運動組 4 人在 6 週運動後退出。
- 理由:35 人全部納入分析。針對主要時間點(第 6 週療程結束),運動組 4 名退出者是「6 週後」才退、仍有 6 週資料,僅針灸組 1 人早退屬真正缺失;即使算到 20 週也僅 5/35(約 14%)以 LOCF 補。缺失比例小、對連續型結局影響有限,判「幾乎所有人皆有資料」,故 PY。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The Constant Shoulder Assessment (CSA) was used ... A total CSA score of 100 points indicates perfect, pain-free movement and function.採用常數肩關節評估(CSA);總分 100 分代表完美、無痛的活動與功能。
- 理由:CSA 是評估肩關節疼痛、日常活動、關節活動度與肌力的既定量表,對肩周炎療效測量適當,故 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All patients were assessed by a single external observer ... Assessment was completed prior to the commencement of treatment (baseline) and at the end of the 6th week ... Follow-up assessment was completed at the end of the 20th week.所有患者由同一位外部評估者評估,於治療前(基線)、第 6 週結束、第 20 週結束評估。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、同一評估者、相同時間點測量,測量方法無組間差異,故 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All patients were assessed by a single external observer, who was not aware of the treatment allocation. ... The CSA has a maximum score of 100 points, with subjective and objective components included in a ratio of 35:65. The subjective parameters assess the degree of pain the patient experiences and his or her ability to perform normal tasks of daily living所有患者由一位不知分組的外部評估者評估。CSA 總分 100 分,主觀與客觀成分比為 35:65;主觀部分評估患者疼痛程度與執行日常活動的能力。
- 理由:客觀成分(65 分,關節活動度/肌力)由盲化外部評估者測量;但主觀成分(35 分,疼痛與日常活動)為病人自填,而病人未盲化(無假針、知道自己有無接受針灸)。依 RoB2「病人自報結局的評估者即病人本人」,本複合結局含知情之病人自評,故 4.3 答 Y。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The subjective parameters assess the degree of pain the patient experiences and his or her ability to perform normal tasks of daily living主觀部分評估病人所感疼痛程度及其執行日常活動的能力。
- 理由:疼痛與日常活動屬主觀、病人自報,知道自己接受針灸與否可能影響此類自評分數,故 Y。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:with subjective and objective components included in a ratio of 35:65主觀與客觀成分比為 35:65。
- 理由:雖主觀部分(35%)由未盲病人自評、有被知情影響的可能,但複合分數多數(65%)為盲化評估者測得之客觀指標(活動度/肌力),無明確理由相信知情「很可能」實質扭曲整體 CSA 結果,故 PN(對應此域為 some concerns 等級)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:An earlier sample size calculation indicated a minimum of 13 patients should be recruited in each group, based on a 75% improvement in CSA先前的樣本數計算顯示每組至少需納入 13 人,依據是 CSA 改善 75%。
- 理由:有事前樣本數計算,顯示主要結局(CSA 改善)與分析已有部分事前規劃;但本文(2001 年)無試驗註冊號、亦無可查的統計分析計畫可確認分析是在解盲前定案,故依規格對「無法確認統計計畫事前定案」判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Functional mobility, power, and pain were assessed by a blinded assessor using the Constant Shoulder Assessment, at baseline, 6 weeks and 20 weeks.功能靈活度、肌力與疼痛由盲化評估者以 CSA 在基線、6 週、20 週評估。
- 理由:全程只用單一量表 CSA,且三個時間點(基線/6 週/20 週)與總分、改善百分比皆完整報告,無從多個量測中挑選有利結果之跡象,故 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:To determine the robustness of conclusions, the analysis was repeated when missing data were discarded.為確認結論穩健性,捨棄缺失資料後重跑分析。
- 理由:作者同時報告 ITT(LOCF 補值)與捨棄缺失的完整資料分析,未見從多種分析中挑選有利者呈現,故 PN。