COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
BFI 疲倦量表分數
← 回到「疲倦」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為單中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照的初步試驗,採 SAS 區組隨機(區組大小對臨床醫師保密)並以序號密封信封隱蔽配置,基線特徵兩組平衡,隨機化領域風險低。病患、給藥之研究者與藥師、評估醫師皆盲化,安慰劑外觀一致,故介入偏離與結果測量(病患自評 BFI、盲化施測)風險均低。主要疑慮在於分析僅納入完成者(64 位隨機者中分析 61 位),排除 3 位中途退出者,屬非 ITT 的完成者分析,反映於 2.6(PN);惟排除比例低(約 4.7%)且兩組接近平衡(2 vs 1),對結果實質影響有限,缺失資料領域風險亦低。報告結果選擇方面,BFI 為事先指定主要結果、各時點完整呈現、分析方法一致,但無事前統計分析計畫可核對(5.1 NI)。整體而言僅在「分派效應之分析非嚴格 ITT」與「無分析計畫」處有些許疑慮。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Random numbers were generated using block randomization with a block size of two or four generated by SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The block randomization method was centralized through a statistical team with the block size unknown to clinicians.以 SAS 9.2 軟體產生區組大小為 2 或 4 的區組隨機亂數;區組隨機法由統計團隊集中執行,臨床醫師不知道區組大小。
- 理由:使用電腦(SAS)產生的區組隨機亂數,含明確隨機成分,序列產生為隨機,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The results of group allocation determined by random numbers were placed into a sealed envelope, and a serial number was assigned to each envelope according to the sequence of the random number. The sealed envelope was then given to specific study personnel... these study personnel did not participate in assessing the trial outcome and safety.分組結果放入密封信封、依亂數順序編序號,交由不參與結果與安全性評估的特定研究人員保管;隨機由統計團隊集中執行、區組大小對臨床醫師保密。
- 理由:採集中化區組隨機(區組大小對臨床醫師保密)+序號密封信封、由不參與評估的人員保管,配置隱蔽機制大致充分。雖未明言信封不透光/防拆封,但綜合集中化流程可合理判 PY。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:There was no significant difference between the TG and CG in the following characteristics... (all p > 0.05; Tables 1, 2)... the CES-D, MMSE, Barthel Index, and IADL scale scores were not significantly different between the two study groups (p > 0.05).兩組在性別、年齡、各項病史、合併用藥及 CES-D、MMSE、Barthel、IADL 等基線特徵皆無顯著差異(皆 p>0.05)。基線 BFI 分數 TG 36.41 vs CG 31.44(p=0.27)亦無顯著差異。
- 理由:大量基線變項(含基線 BFI)兩組皆無顯著差異、無提示隨機過程出問題的不平衡,故答 PN。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:both the patients and the evaluating physician were unaware of whether the patients received the placebo or active treatment... Finally, for each 2.8 g of the extract, 2.8 g of the placebo was prepared from starch. The placebos were sealed inside foil sachets, which were identical to those used for packaging the extract.病患與評估醫師皆不知接受的是安慰劑或藥物;安慰劑以澱粉製作、封於與藥物相同的鋁箔袋中、外觀一致。
- 理由:雙盲、安慰劑外觀與藥物一致,病患對所分配介入無從知曉,故答 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The investigators, pharmacists, and patients were blinded to the patient allocation. Only a designated researcher knew the password of the randomization number for each case.研究者、藥師與病患皆對分組盲化;僅一名指定研究人員知道各案的隨機碼密碼。
- 理由:提供介入者(研究者、藥師)皆盲化,且配置已隱蔽,照顧/給藥人員不知分組,故答 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:A total of 61 patients (29 patients in the TG and 32 patients in the CG) completed the trial... thus, 61 patients (29 patients in the TG and 32 patients in the CG) completed the trial (Fig. 1).64 位隨機分派者中僅 61 位(TG 29、CG 32)完成試驗並納入統計分析;流程圖顯示「Finish study」後才進入「Statistical analysis」。各表 n 皆為 29/32。
- 理由:分析僅納入完成者(61/64),3 位中途退出者(TG 失訪 1、口乾舌燥 1;CG 偏頭痛 1)被排除於分析之外,屬排除隨機後受試者的完成者分析,非 ITT/mITT,故對「分派效應」而言屬不適當分析,答 PN。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Two patients were lost in the TG: one patient was lost to follow-up and the other dropped out because of side effects (dry mouth and tongue). In the CG, one patient dropped out because of right hemicrania.TG 流失 2 人(失訪 1、副作用口乾舌燥 1),CG 流失 1 人(右側偏頭痛),共 3 人被排除。
- 理由:僅 3/64(約 4.7%)被排除、兩組接近平衡(2 vs 1),BFI 為連續量表(非罕見結果),此排除量對結果造成實質影響的可能性低,故答 PN。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Sixty-four patients with PSF were assigned to treatment group (TG; 31 patients)... and a control group (CG; 33 patients)... A total of 61 patients (29 patients in the TG and 32 patients in the CG) completed the trial.64 位隨機分派(TG 31、CG 33),最終僅 61 位(TG 29、CG 32)完成並有此結果資料,3 位無 BFI 結果資料。
- 理由:64 位隨機者中 3 位(約 4.7%)無此結果資料;雖比例不高,但結果僅分析完成者、並非「全部或幾乎全部」皆有資料,故答 PN。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Two patients were lost in the TG: one patient was lost to follow-up and the other dropped out because of side effects (dry mouth and tongue). In the CG, one patient dropped out because of right hemicrania.退出原因為:TG 失訪 1、口乾舌燥(副作用)1;CG 右側偏頭痛 1。
- 理由:缺失比例低(4.7%)、兩組接近平衡,退出原因(失訪、輕微口乾、偏頭痛)與疲倦結果真值關聯薄弱,缺失資料不太可能使結果產生偏誤,故答 PY。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:had a Brief Fatigue Index (BFI Taiwan Chinese version) score ≥4... The primary outcome measures were the changes in EORTC QLQ-C30 and BFI scores.以台灣中文版簡短疲倦量表(BFI)測量;BFI 為已驗證、廣泛使用的疲倦自評量表,作為主要結果指標。
- 理由:BFI 為針對疲倦設計、經驗證的標準量表,測量方法適當,故答 N(測量方法非不適當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The second and third assessments involved administering the EORTC QLQ-C30, BFI, and SF-36... both the patients and the evaluating physician were unaware of whether the patients received the placebo or active treatment.兩組於 Visit 2、Visit 3 以相同方式施測 BFI;病患與評估醫師皆對分組盲化。
- 理由:兩組以相同工具、相同時程施測,且病患與評估者皆盲化,測量/確認方式在兩組間不致有別,故答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:both the patients and the evaluating physician were unaware of whether the patients received the placebo or active treatment.病患與評估醫師皆不知接受安慰劑或藥物。
- 理由:BFI 為病患自評、且評估醫師亦盲化,結果評估者(含病患本人)不知所接受的介入,故答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The protocol of the trial was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University... and ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial Registration Number: NCT01554787).試驗經 IRB 審查核准並於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT01554787);論文明定 BFI 與 EORTC QLQ-C30 為主要結果。
- 理由:雖有試驗註冊且事先指明 BFI 為主要結果,但未提供可取得、且於解盲前定版之完整統計分析計畫供核對,無法確認逐項分析皆事先指定,依慣例答 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome measures were the changes in EORTC QLQ-C30 and BFI scores... The difference in BFI scores between Visit 2 and Visit 1 was –17.83 ± 17.70 in the TG... the difference in BFI scores between Visit 3 and Visit 1 was –16.48 ± 16.41 in the TG.BFI 為事先指定的主要結果;論文於 Table 3 完整報告 Visit 1、2、3 及 V2-V1、V3-V1 全部時間點,並非只挑顯著時點呈現。
- 理由:BFI 為事先指定的主要結果,且各時間點數據(含不顯著者)皆完整報告,未見從多個量表/時點中擇優呈現之跡象,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We compared the changes in BFI, EORTC QLQ-C30, and SF-36 scores... from the baseline to Visits 2 and 3 by using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3.BFI 變化一律以 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定、比較基線至 Visit 2 與 Visit 3,分析方法單一且全程一致。
- 理由:全程採單一既定分析方法(Wilcoxon 等級和檢定)、無多重分析擇優呈現之跡象,故答 PN。