COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
SNOT-22 分數(30天)
← 回到「慢性鼻竇炎」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為單中心、平行組、隨機、雙盲(double-dummy)之安慰劑對照先導試驗(連花清瘟顆粒 vs 安慰劑,各 72 人,療程 30 天),評讀主要結局為 SNOT-22 分數於療程結束時的組間比較。隨機化:電腦程式產生序列(1.1 Y),藥包外觀味道一致、依藥物編號分配,隱匿可合理判為 PY,基線均衡(1.3 N),偏誤風險低。偏離介入(ITT):受試者與施治者皆成功盲化(2.1/2.2 N),無試驗情境所致偏離;惟分析僅納入完成者 140/144、明確排除 4 位依從性不佳/失訪者,非 ITT/mITT(2.6 PN),但排除量小(約 2.8%)且兩組各 2 人對稱,對結果影響有限(2.7 PN),此域為輕度疑慮。缺失資料:97.2% 有結局、兩組對稱,偏誤風險低。結局測量:SNOT-22 為適當且雙方相同的量表,主觀結局但病人(評估者)已成功盲化,偏誤風險低。選擇性報告:無試驗註冊或事前統計計畫可佐證(5.1 NI),但各量表與單一時間點結果皆完整呈現、無挑選跡象,此域為輕度疑慮。整體而言本結局偏誤傾向偏低至輕度疑慮,主要來自未依 ITT 分析與缺乏事前分析計畫佐證。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was carried out using a validated computer program that matched treatments to drug numbers in a 1:1 ratio.隨機分配是以一套經驗證的電腦程式進行,依 1:1 比例把治療配對到藥物編號。
- 理由:明確使用電腦程式產生隨機分配序列,屬有隨機成分的方法,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Blinding was achieved by a double-dummy technique... Placebo and LHQW were indistinguishable in appearance and taste; all packets and labels were identical except for the drug numbers.以雙盲(double-dummy)技術達成盲化……安慰劑與連花清瘟外觀、味道皆無法分辨;除藥物編號外,所有藥包與標籤完全相同。
- 理由:分配透過電腦把治療配對到藥物編號、藥包外觀味道一致僅編號不同,等同「外觀相同、依序編號的藥物容器」隱匿方式,雖未逐字寫明隱匿至納入時點,依此設計可合理判斷分配已被隱匿,故答 PY。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Demographic and clinical characteristics appeared similar between these two groups (Table 2), and there were no significant differences in age and gender between the placebo and LHQW group... There were no statistical differences between the placebo and LHQW group in the scores of VAS... and SNOT-22... and the concentrations of nasal NO... and the values of nasal resistance... before treatments.兩組的人口學與臨床特徵相近(表 2),年齡、性別無顯著差異……治療前兩組在 VAS、SNOT-22、鼻腔 NO、鼻阻力等分數皆無統計差異。
- 理由:基線人口學與所有主要參數(含結局變項 SNOT-22)於治療前兩組皆相近、無顯著差異,未見暗示隨機出問題的失衡,故答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A prospective, randomized, single-center, double-blinded, controlled pilot study... Placebo and LHQW were indistinguishable in appearance and taste; all packets and labels were identical except for the drug numbers.一項前瞻、隨機、單中心、雙盲的對照先導研究……安慰劑與連花清瘟外觀、味道皆無法分辨,除藥物編號外藥包與標籤完全相同。
- 理由:雙盲設計、安慰劑與試驗藥外觀味道皆無法分辨,受試者無從得知分組,故答 N(受試者不知分組)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A prospective, randomized, single-center, double-blinded, controlled pilot study... Blinding was achieved by a double-dummy technique. Two groups of patients received the same number of granule packets (placebo or LHQW).前瞻、隨機、單中心、雙盲的對照先導研究……以雙盲(double-dummy)技術達成盲化,兩組病人領取相同數量的顆粒藥包。
- 理由:雙盲加 double-dummy、兩組領相同數量且無法分辨的藥包,施治者/照顧者亦被盲化,故答 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:One hundred and forty patients completed the present study. Four subjects were excluded because of their poor adherence to the medical treatments (Fig. 1).140 位病人完成本研究。有 4 位受試者因對治療依從性不佳而被排除(圖 1)。
- 理由:隨機 144 人(每組 72),分析僅納入完成者 140 人(每組 70),明確把依從性不佳/失訪者排除於分析之外,屬完成者/簡易 per-protocol 分析而非 ITT/mITT,非估計指派效果的適當分析,故答 PN。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Two patients lost to follow-up in placebo group (n = 2) and two patients lost to follow-up in LHQW group (n = 2)... placebo group n = 70, LHQW group n = 70.安慰劑組 2 人失訪、連花清瘟組 2 人失訪……分析時安慰劑組 70 人、連花清瘟組 70 人。
- 理由:被排除者僅 4/144(約 2.8%)、兩組各 2 人對稱,結局為連續症狀量表(非罕見事件),此小量且均衡的排除不太可能對組間結果造成重大影響,故答 PN。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:One hundred and forty patients completed the present study... placebo group n = 70, LHQW group n = 70.140 位病人完成本研究……安慰劑組 70 人、連花清瘟組 70 人。
- 理由:144 位隨機者中 140 位(97.2%)有結局資料、兩組各 70 人,幾乎全部受試者皆有 SNOT-22 結局資料,故答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Their clinical symptoms were scored using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22.以視覺類比量表(VAS)與鼻竇結局測驗(SNOT-22)評分臨床症狀。
- 理由:SNOT-22 是評估鼻竇炎症狀/生活品質的經驗證量表,測量方法對此結局適當,故答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:At the first, patients received the examinations which comprised... evaluations of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22). At the second (i.e. after 30-day medical intervention), scores of VAS and SNOT-22 were reevaluated.第一次訪視接受包含 VAS 與 SNOT-22 的評估;第二次(30 天療程後)再次評估 VAS 與 SNOT-22 分數。
- 理由:兩組皆以相同的 SNOT-22 量表在相同時間點測量,測量方式不因分組而異,故答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:double-blinded... Placebo and LHQW were indistinguishable in appearance and taste; all packets and labels were identical except for the drug numbers.雙盲……安慰劑與連花清瘟外觀、味道皆無法分辨,除藥物編號外藥包與標籤完全相同。
- 理由:SNOT-22 為病人自填的主觀結局、評估者即病人;本試驗雙盲且安慰劑與試驗藥外觀味道皆無法分辨,病人被成功盲化、不知所受介入,故答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:全文未提及試驗註冊、研究計畫書或事前訂定的統計分析計畫,無法確認分析是否在解盲前依事先計畫定案,故答 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:At the second (i.e. after 30-day medical intervention), scores of VAS and SNOT-22 were reevaluated... Furthermore, there were statistical changes between these two treatment groups (Fig. 2O, P, Q and R).第二次(30 天療程後)再評估 VAS 與 SNOT-22 分數……此外兩組之間有統計差異(圖 2O、P、Q、R)。
- 理由:研究僅有單一時間點(30 天)、SNOT-22 的組間比較被完整報告,VAS 等其他量表結果亦皆呈現,未見從多個量測中挑選最有利者,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons between these two groups. If the initial Kruskal-Wallis test was significant, a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was then applied.以 Kruskal-Wallis 檢定進行兩組比較;若初始 Kruskal-Wallis 檢定顯著,再套用無母數 Mann-Whitney 檢定。
- 理由:報告採用單一、明確描述的統計方法呈現組間結果,未見從多種分析中挑選最有利者,故答 PN。