COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
STAI 焦慮總分(4 週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- ?Domain 1 隨機化過程:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為伊朗單中心三臂平行隨機對照試驗(112 人),本評讀只看 SSRI+針灸組與 SSRI+假針灸組在第 4 週的 STAI 焦慮總分。隨機化:採區塊隨機,但未說明亂數產生方式與分配隱匿,基線相近,有些疑慮。偏離介入:病人使用非穿透假針且都沒有針灸經驗,較難分辨真假,但施針者知情,且分析只納入完成者(依排除條件剔除換藥、副作用者),不是 ITT,有些疑慮。缺失資料:兩組各缺 2 人(約 5%),比例低且均衡,但原因可能與病情有關、也沒有敏感度分析,有些疑慮。結局測量:STAI 為病人自填量表,病人與施測精神科醫師皆盲化,偏誤風險低。選擇性報告:有試驗登錄但無可比對的事前統計分析計畫,有些疑慮。整體而言,本結局的偏誤風險主要來自方法學報告不足(分配隱匿、分析計畫)與完成者分析,而非明顯的設計缺陷。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Eligible patients were randomly assigned to one the following three groups by block randomization method符合資格的患者以區塊隨機法隨機分派到以下三組之一。
- 理由:論文寫明採區塊隨機(block randomization),通常含隨機成分,但未說明亂數如何產生(例如電腦亂數或亂數表),故答「可能是」。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:全文未描述分配隱匿方式(例如中央分派、不透明密封信封),查無資訊,答「資訊不足」。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There was no significant difference in total score of STAI among the three groups at the beginning of study. ... The average age, sex, and education of the patients did not show statistical differences among the three groups研究開始時三組 STAI 總分沒有顯著差異。……三組患者的平均年齡、性別與教育程度沒有統計差異。
- 理由:基線 STAI 總分(針灸組 115.14、假針組 118.80,P=0.58)與年齡、性別、教育程度三組相近,分組人數 37/38/37 也符合預期比例,沒有暗示隨機化出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:This study was double-blind and patients and psychiatrist were blinded and were not aware of the grouping. None of the patients had previously experienced acupuncture, and they were unfamiliar with needle sensation.本研究為雙盲,患者與精神科醫師皆被盲化、不知道分組。所有患者先前都沒有接受過針灸,對針感不熟悉。
- 理由:真針組與假針組都接受外觀相似的針具(假針為 Asiamed 非穿透縮入式安慰針),患者皆未曾接受針灸,較難分辨真假;論文未做盲化成功度檢驗,故答「可能否」。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the researcher in charge of data collection was not the acupuncture physician, and was unaware whether patients received actual acupuncture or sham acupuncture負責資料收集的研究者並非施針醫師,也不知道患者接受的是真針還是假針。
- 理由:施針醫師必須操作真針或假針,無法對分組盲化;論文只說資料收集者與施針者分開,隱含施針醫師知道分組,故答「可能是」。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:In the control group, sham acupuncture was performed by placebo needles (Asiamed brand) during the same number of sessions.對照組以安慰針(Asiamed 品牌)進行假針灸,療程次數相同。
- 理由:兩組依相同次數與時程接受真針或假針,SSRI 用藥方案也相同;論文未報告任何因試驗情境(例如施針者知情)而產生的偏離或額外共同介入,推定沒有此類偏離。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Eventually, 105 patients completed the four-week treatment period, and 7 patients were excluded based on the exclusion criteria or since they did not complete the 4-week period.最終 105 位患者完成 4 週療程,7 位患者因符合排除條件或未完成 4 週療程而被排除。
- 理由:分析只納入完成療程者(每組 35 人)。被排除者除了失聯,還包括依排除條件(無法耐受副作用、更換用藥方案、診斷改變)剔除者,屬於隨機化後排除已分派受試者的完成者/依計畫分析,而非 ITT 或只排除缺失結局的 mITT,故答「可能否」。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Group I included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Group III included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Eventually, 105 patients completed the four-week treatment period (35 patients in each group).第一組(假針組)納入 37 人……第三組(針灸組)納入 37 人……最終 105 位患者完成 4 週療程(每組 35 人)。
- 理由:本比較兩組(真針組、假針組)各 37 人隨機,各排除 2 人(約 5%),數量少且兩組相同;組間差異(STAI 變化量 60.3 vs 54.2,標準差約 8–9)相對明顯,這幾位被排除者不太可能大幅改變結果。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Group I included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Group III included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Eventually, 105 patients completed the four-week treatment period (35 patients in each group).第一組(假針組)納入 37 人……第三組(針灸組)納入 37 人……最終 105 位患者完成 4 週療程(每組 35 人)。
- 理由:本比較兩組共 74 人隨機,70 人有結局資料(約 94.6%),略低於官方指引常用的 95% 參考線,且各組缺失原因未分別說明,無法確定缺失者的結局不會造成重要影響,故答「可能否」。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:論文未做任何針對缺失資料的校正分析或敏感度分析,查無證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The exclusion criteria were: (1) having allergic reaction or intolerable side effect caused by the needle or SSRIs, (2) diagnosis change during the study, or (3) changing the medication regimen.排除條件為:(1) 對針具或 SSRI 產生過敏或無法耐受的副作用,(2) 研究期間診斷改變,或 (3) 更換用藥方案。
- 理由:缺失原因包括副作用、更換用藥、未完成療程,這些都可能與患者的焦慮狀態有關(例如療效不佳而換藥或退出),因此缺失可能取決於結局真值。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Group I included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Group III included 37 patients who received an SSRI ... Eventually, 105 patients completed the four-week treatment period (35 patients in each group).第一組(假針組)納入 37 人……第三組(針灸組)納入 37 人……最終 105 位患者完成 4 週療程(每組 35 人)。
- 理由:兩組缺失人數相同(各 2 人)、比例低,也沒有證據顯示兩組缺失原因不同,因此不太可能是缺失「很可能」取決於真值的情況。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The results showed that for assessing anxiety, Cronbach's alpha was 0.78–0.91 for different sections of the questionnaire that confirm the stable reliability and high repeatability of the questionnaire結果顯示,評估焦慮時問卷各部分的 Cronbach's alpha 為 0.78–0.91,證實此問卷信度穩定、重複性高。
- 理由:STAI 是經過信效度驗證的焦慮量表,適合量測焦慮程度,測量方法本身沒有不當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All patients were assessed using Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at the beginning of the study and at the end of week 4, by a psychiatrist.所有患者都在研究開始時與第 4 週結束時,由精神科醫師以 Spielberger 狀態特質焦慮量表(STAI)評估。
- 理由:各組使用相同量表、相同時間點、由同樣的精神科醫師施測,組間測量方式沒有差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:This study was double-blind and patients and psychiatrist were blinded and were not aware of the grouping.本研究為雙盲,患者與精神科醫師皆被盲化、不知道分組。
- 理由:STAI 為病人自填問卷,評估者就是病人本人;病人接受外觀相似的真針或非穿透假針,且都沒有針灸經驗,施測的精神科醫師也盲化。論文未檢驗盲化是否成功,故答「可能否」。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:This randomized, controlled clinical trial was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20181031041511N1)本隨機對照臨床試驗已於伊朗臨床試驗註冊中心登錄(IRCT20181031041511N1)。
- 理由:試驗有登錄 IRCT,但論文未附研究計畫書或統計分析計畫,也未說明分析方法在解盲前定案;無法確認實際分析與事前計畫一致,答「資訊不足」。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:In this trial, STAI score (the primary outcome) and serum levels of cortisol (the secondary outcome) were assessed at the beginning of the study and on day 28.本試驗在研究開始時與第 28 天評估 STAI 分數(主要結局)與血清皮質醇(次要結局)。
- 理由:主要結局明訂為 STAI 分數,只有治療前與第 28 天兩個時間點,並完整報告終點值、變化量與變化百分比。STAI 雖含狀態與特質兩個分量表,論文只報總分,但沒有跡象顯示是依結果挑選,故答「可能否」。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test were used to detect between-group differences in continuous variables among the three groups at the beginning and at the end of the study.以單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)與 Tukey 事後檢定比較三組在研究開始與結束時連續變項的組間差異。
- 理由:分析方法單純(ANOVA+Tukey),終點值、變化量與變化百分比三種分析結果都有報告,且方向一致,沒有從多種分析中挑選有利結果的跡象。