COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
CMS 功能變化(4 週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為西班牙六中心的平行組隨機對照試驗(單穴 Tiaokou 針灸+物理治療 vs 假 TENS+物理治療),主要結局為隨機後 4 週 CMS 肩功能相較治療前的變化量(ITT,組間差 6.0 分,95% CI 3.2–8.8,P<0.001)。隨機化:集中化加密序列產生、代碼對評估者保密、基線可比,隨機面向偏誤低。偏離介入(ITT 效果):對照組採假 TENS 使病人多半盲化、施治醫師未盲但兩組共用標準化物理治療與止痛藥規則、無試驗情境造成的偏離,且採納入全部隨機者的 ITT 分析,此面向風險低。缺失資料:主要結局實測覆蓋 96%、流失者特徵與整體相似、以 ITT(組平均插補)處理,偏誤風險低。結局測量:CMS 為經效度驗證量表,客觀項目由盲化獨立評估者測量、主觀項目由 sham 盲化之病人自評,惟作者自承假 TENS 之可信度未必等同真針灸、對 35% 主觀成分存殘餘不確定。選擇性報告:有事前發表之研究計畫與試驗登記、主要結局與 ITT 分析事前定案,風險低。整體而言本結局偏誤傾向低,唯一需留意者為對照盲化(假 TENS)對 CMS 主觀成分的殘餘不確定。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The randomization sequence was performed in a centralized way and recorded in encrypted form in each DDAU, such that when the data for a new patient were introduced, a treatment code related to the patient's ID number was assigned.隨機分派序列以集中化方式產生,並以加密形式記錄於每一台 DDAU(數位資料擷取單元)中,當輸入新病人資料時,即依病人 ID 號碼指派一組治療代碼。
- 理由:多中心試驗採集中化電腦系統產生隨機序列、依病人 ID 逐一指派治療代碼並加密,屬含隨機成分的適當方法(且另有事前發表之研究計畫 ISRCTN28687220),判為序列隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The randomization sequence was performed in a centralized way and recorded in encrypted form in each DDAU ... (this code was concealed from the evaluator).隨機序列以集中化方式產生並加密記錄於各 DDAU……(此代碼對評估者保密)。
- 理由:採集中化、加密的第三方式分派,治療代碼對評估者保密,屬官方指引中「central randomization」最理想的隱匿方式,收案人員無法預知下一個分派,隱匿充分。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All the baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (Table 1). ... All between-group differences non-significant at the 0.05 level.兩組所有基線特徵皆可比較(表 1)……所有組間差異在 0.05 水準皆未達顯著。
- 理由:Table 1 各基線變項(年齡、診斷、病程、疼痛、CMS 基線)兩組相近且皆未達顯著;組別人數 205 vs 220 的差距對大型試驗屬機遇範圍。無暗示隨機出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:were informed that one of the techniques could be false (placebo) ... The credibility tests carried out on the two groups did not produce any results that might have led us to doubt the techniques.(受試者)被告知其中一種技術可能是假的(安慰劑)……對兩組進行的可信度測驗並未得出任何會讓我們懷疑(盲性)技術的結果。
- 理由:對照組採假 TENS(mock TENS)作為 sham 對照、病人被告知其一可能為安慰劑,且基線可信度測驗兩組相近,屬有嘗試盲化病人。受試者對分組多半不知情,故答 PN。(作者於討論中承認假 TENS 之可信度未必等同真針灸,存在殘餘不確定,故不給 firm N。)
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Three acupuncture sessions were applied ... by the doctor responsible for the treatment ... Once a week for 3 weeks the doctors responsible for the treatment applied two adhesive electrodes ... connected to an inactivated TENS apparatus.由負責治療的醫師施行三次針灸療程……負責治療的醫師每週一次、連續三週貼上兩個電極片並連接到已停用的 TENS 儀器。
- 理由:施治醫師親自施行針灸或假 TENS,必然知道每位病人分到哪一組,執行介入者未盲化,答 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:All the patients received 15 sessions of physiotherapy during the 3 weeks that the treatment lasted. ... Throughout the study period the patients were allowed to take analgesic and/or NSAID medication, on request.所有病人在為期三週的療程中接受 15 次物理治療……整個研究期間病人可依需求服用止痛藥及/或 NSAID。
- 理由:兩組接受相同的物理治療與相同的止痛藥自由取用規則,未見因試驗情境(trial context)而生、且與計畫不一致的介入偏離;止痛藥使用差異屬結局而非計畫偏離。無證據顯示有試驗情境造成的偏離,答 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The confirmatory analysis of the principal result measure was carried out on the intention to treat (ITT) population, replacing the missing values with the mean ones obtained for each group.主要結果指標的確認性分析在意向治療(ITT)族群上進行,以各組所得平均值取代缺失值。
- 理由:主要結局採 ITT 分析(納入全部隨機分派者 205 vs 220,圖 1 亦標示 205/220 Included in Primary Analysis),符合估計「指派效果」的適當分析,答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:205 Included in Primary Analysis, 202 With Data for the Main Outcome Measure, 3 Missing Values Replaced ... 220 Included in Primary Analysis, 207 With Data for the Main Outcome Measure, 13 Missing Values Replaced針灸組 205 名納入主要分析,其中 202 名有主要結局資料、3 名缺失值被取代;假 TENS 組 220 名納入,其中 207 名有主要結局資料、13 名缺失值被取代。
- 理由:主要結局在 4 週實測資料涵蓋針灸組 202/205(98.5%)、對照組 207/220(94.1%),合計 409/425(96.2%),連續型結局達 95% 以上,屬「幾乎全部」有資料,答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome considered, the CMS scale, is considered a good instrument for the functional evaluation of the shoulder, and has been validated for use in our context.所採用的主要結局 CMS 量表被認為是評估肩關節功能的良好工具,且已在我們的情境下經過效度驗證。
- 理由:CMS 為肩功能公認且經效度驗證的量表,測量方法對此結局適當,答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Shoulder function was assessed using the Constant–Murley Score (CMS) ... The baseline evaluations at 4 weeks and at 3 months were supervised by rehabilitation evaluators who were blinded to the type of treatment applied to each subject.以 Constant–Murley Score(CMS)評估肩關節功能……4 週與 3 個月的評估由對各受試者所受治療盲化的復健評估者負責。
- 理由:兩組皆以相同的 CMS、由同一批盲化評估者、在相同時間點測量,測量方法不會因組別而異,答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The ... evaluations at 4 weeks ... were supervised by rehabilitation evaluators who were blinded to the type of treatment applied to each subject ... at no time did the evaluators intervene in the treatment of the patients.4 週評估由對各受試者所受治療盲化、且從未參與病人治療的復健評估者負責。
- 理由:CMS 有 65% 為客觀項目(關節活動度、肌力)由盲化的獨立評估者測量;35% 主觀項目(疼痛、日常活動)由病人自評,而病人以假 TENS 盲化。評估者與病人多半皆不知分組,答 PN。(作者承認假 TENS 可信度存疑,主觀部分有殘餘不確定,故不給 firm N。)
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:As specified in the study protocol [13], the primary outcome measure was the change in the CMS from the baseline value after 4 weeks. ... This study is registered as an International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN28687220.如研究計畫[13]所明訂,主要結局指標為 4 週後 CMS 相對基線的變化量……本研究登記為國際標準隨機對照試驗,編號 ISRCTN28687220。
- 理由:有事前發表之研究計畫(BMC Complement Altern Med 2005)與試驗登記,明訂主要結局(4 週 CMS 變化)與 ITT 確認性分析,分析計畫在取得未盲資料前即已定案,答 Y。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:As specified in the study protocol [13], the primary outcome measure was the change in the CMS from the baseline value after 4 weeks.如研究計畫所明訂,主要結局指標為 4 週後 CMS 相對基線的變化量。
- 理由:主要結局為單一事前指定的量表與時間點(4 週 CMS 變化),雖有多個時間點與 NRS 等次要量測,但主要結局清楚界定、非依結果從多量測中挑選,答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The confirmatory analysis of the principal result measure was carried out on the intention to treat (ITT) population ... we calculated the difference between the final and the baseline CMS values, compared the two groups and performed a multivariate analysis by linear regression, adjusting for the baseline value.主要結果指標的確認性分析在 ITT 族群進行……計算最終與基線 CMS 的差值、比較兩組,並以線性迴歸校正基線值進行多變量分析。
- 理由:確認性分析為事前指定的 ITT,未校正與校正結果皆一致呈現且方向相同,非依結果從多個分析中挑選,答 PN。