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COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀

MDQ 經前症狀(第1期末)

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本試驗為交叉(crossover)設計,採 RoB 2 交叉試驗專屬變體評讀(含 Domain S:期間與殘留效應)。所評結果為第一期(前 3 個月)之組間比較;兩期之間無清除期。
總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為 2×2 交叉設計的中藥安慰劑對照試驗(65 人隨機、61 人完成),所評結果是第一期 3 個月結束時中藥組與安慰劑組的 MDQ 經前症狀改善比較,只用第一期資料,因此兩期之間沒有清除期的殘留問題不影響此結果。隨機化是主要疑慮:論文稱採隨機區組設計,卻又寫受試者在各證型內「依序分配」,沒有說明序列如何產生,也沒有任何分派隱匿措施,招募者可能預知組別。盲性方面,安慰劑外觀與苦味皆與中藥相近,受試者應難以分辨,但施治者是否盲化未說明。缺失資料少(6.2%),退出原因多為忘記填日記。結局為受試者自填的標準問卷,受試者盲化下量測偏誤風險低。沒有試驗註冊或事前分析計畫,選擇性報告無法完全排除;作者只報第一期組間比較、未報兩期配對分析,理由是缺乏清除期資料而非殘留檢定。整體而言,本結局的偏誤風險主要來自隨機分派與隱匿的描述不足且可能為依序分派。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)

Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:High

偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?

Domain S:期間與殘留效應 — 判斷:Low

偏誤來源(交叉設計專屬):期間效應與殘留效應——兩序列人數是否相當、分析是否納入期間效應、第二期測量前殘留效應是否已消退。
S.1
兩個序列分到的人數是否相當?
S.2
分析是否納入了期間效應(period effects)?
S.3
第二期測量前,是否有足夠時間讓殘留效應(carryover)消退?

Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low

偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?

Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low

偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?

Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low

偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?

Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns

偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
5.4
是否因偵測到殘留效應,而尋求但無法取得「合併兩期」的結果(只報第一期)?
本評讀依 Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) 工具,針對「單一結果 × 單一效應」評估。限制:僅依論文全文判讀(無完整研究計畫書/統計分析計畫),故 Domain 5(選擇性報告)常為「資訊不足」。AI 僅回答訊號問題,domain 與 overall 由官方決策表程式計算。