COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
ADHD 量表第8週下降分數
← 回到「注意力不足過動症」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為 72 名 ADHD 兒童的平行組隨機對照試驗,比較寧動顆粒與 methylphenidate 8 週療效。隨機序列以電腦產生,分派資料由專責藥師掌握,基線平衡,隨機化面向偏誤風險低。論文宣稱雙盲(精神科醫師、受試者、家長),但未說明顆粒劑與錠劑如何維持外觀一致,且兩組副作用差異明顯,盲性可信度有疑慮;療效分析推測為完成者分析而非 ITT,但僅排除 3/72,影響有限。缺失資料少(約 4%)且兩組相當。結局由家長與老師觀察紀錄評分,屬主觀量表,老師是否設盲未交代,結局測量面向有疑慮。無試驗註冊或事前統計計畫,選擇性報告無法完全排除。整體而言本結局的偏誤主要來自盲性可信度不明與缺乏事前計畫。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The patients were equally divided into NDG group (n=36) and methylphenidate group (n=36) by a randomized computer-generated code.病人以電腦產生的隨機碼平均分為 NDG 組(36 人)與 methylphenidate 組(36 人)。
- 理由:明確使用電腦產生的隨機序列,屬適當的隨機方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:All of the medicines were filled by a pharmacist in charge who mastered the data of treatment assignment and the weight and number of the subjects in the trial.所有藥物由一位掌握分派資料及受試者體重與編號的專責藥師調配。
- 理由:分派資料由專責藥師掌握並由其調配藥物,而評估的精神科醫師、受試者與家長皆不知分組,類似藥局控管的分派方式,推測招募者無法預知分派。但論文未明寫隱匿程序(例如編號密封容器),因此只答「可能是」。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No significant difference was identified between the NDG group and the methylphenidate group with regard to basic demographic data including age, gender, weight, and baseline of Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scales among 72 subjects (Table 1).72 名受試者中,NDG 組與 methylphenidate 組在年齡、性別、體重及老師與家長 ADHD 量表基線分數等基本資料上無顯著差異(表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 的年齡、性別、體重與兩份量表基線分數數值相近,看不出隨機化出問題的跡象。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:During the study, the psychiatrists and subjects, along with their parents, were blind to the group assignments.研究期間,精神科醫師、受試者及其家長皆不知分組。
- 理由:論文明言受試者與家長設盲。不過顆粒劑與 methylphenidate 如何做到外觀一致未說明,且兩組副作用型態差異大(例如噁心、食慾下降、嗜睡),盲性可能受影響,因此答「可能否」而非「否」。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:During the study, the psychiatrists and subjects, along with their parents, were blind to the group assignments.研究期間,精神科醫師、受試者及其家長皆不知分組。
- 理由:負責評估與照護的精神科醫師設盲;知情的只有調配藥物的藥師,其不直接照護受試者。實際給藥的家長亦設盲。盲性可信度的疑慮同 2.1。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Totally, incomplete data existed in three children (one in treatment group and two in control group) among the 72 recruited children because of the assessment being refused or emigration during the whole trial process (Fig. 1).72 名收案兒童中共有 3 名(治療組 1 名、對照組 2 名)因拒絕評估或移居而資料不完整(圖 1)。
- 理由:論文未提及 ITT 或缺失值處理,流程圖第 8 週為 35 與 34 人,相關分析也寫 n=35,推測療效分析僅納入有完整資料者(完成者分析),不是嚴格的 ITT。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Totally, incomplete data existed in three children (one in treatment group and two in control group) among the 72 recruited children because of the assessment being refused or emigration during the whole trial process (Fig. 1).72 名收案兒童中共有 3 名(治療組 1 名、對照組 2 名)因拒絕評估或移居而資料不完整(圖 1)。
- 理由:被排除於分析者僅 3/72(約 4%),且兩組各 1 與 2 人,未依 ITT 分析對結果的影響應不大。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Totally, incomplete data existed in three children (one in treatment group and two in control group) among the 72 recruited children72 名收案兒童中共有 3 名(治療組 1 名、對照組 2 名)資料不完整。
- 理由:第 8 週有結局資料者 69/72(約 96%,NDG 35/36、methylphenidate 34/36),缺失比例低且兩組相近,可視為幾乎所有受試者都有資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scales, used as a Chinese-translated version in the study, are commonly used to assess the severity of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and cover 18 kinds of items.本研究使用中文版老師與家長 ADHD 評定量表,該量表常用於評估注意力不足過動症嚴重度,共 18 題。
- 理由:ADHD Rating Scale 是常用且經驗證的症狀量表,測量方法本身適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Each subject was assessed respectively at baseline and at week 2, 4, 6, and 8 by a psychiatrist according to records in daily life from their parents and teachers.每位受試者於基線及第 2、4、6、8 週由精神科醫師依家長與老師的日常紀錄評估。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、相同時間點與相同評估流程,測量方式不因組別而異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:All of the participants were assessed according to the records from their own teachers and parents at different time points by a child psychiatrist using Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scale所有受試者由兒童精神科醫師依其老師與家長在不同時間點的紀錄,以老師與家長 ADHD 量表評估。
- 理由:結局實質上由家長與老師的觀察紀錄構成。論文稱精神科醫師與家長設盲,但未提老師是否設盲,也未說明顆粒劑與 methylphenidate 如何維持外觀一致;兩組副作用型態差異明顯(methylphenidate 組噁心 44%、食慾下降 36%,NDG 組嗜睡 17%),家長與老師可能據此推知分組。資訊不足以確認評估者確實不知分組。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:ADHD 症狀評分依家長與老師的主觀觀察,若評估者知道分組(例如對中藥或西藥有預期),評分可能受影響。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:兩組皆為主動治療,且結論為療效相當,沒有特別理由認為評估者的預期會系統性偏向某一組,故不至於「很可能」受影響。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:論文未提供試驗註冊或事前公開的研究計畫與統計分析計畫,無法確認分析是否依事前計畫進行。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The efficiency was assessed by the Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scales every 2 weeks for a total of 8 weeks.療效以老師與家長 ADHD 量表每 2 週評估一次,共 8 週。
- 理由:方法所列的兩份量表在結果中都有報告,且圖 2、圖 3 呈現所有時間點,看不出從多個量測中挑選的跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The difference of Parent and Teacher ADHD Rating Scales from baseline to week 8 was performed with repetitive-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA).家長與老師 ADHD 量表自基線至第 8 週的差異以重複測量變異數分析(ANOVA)檢定。
- 理由:方法預先描述了分析方式,結果也依此報告各時間點與第 8 週下降分數,看不出從多種分析中挑選結果的跡象。