COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
PFPS總分(8週,組間)
← 回到「足底筋膜炎」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- ?Domain 1 隨機化過程:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 4 結局測量:High(高風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為平行雙臂隨機對照試驗(38 位休閒運動員男性足底筋膜炎患者,19+19),主要結局為病人自填 PFPS 總分(0-100,越低越好),本評讀取治療第 8 週的組間比較(針灸加療組 34.3 vs 常規組 46.2,P<0.05)。隨機化:以電腦亂數隨機、基線均衡,但未描述分配隱匿(Domain 1 略有疑慮)。偏離介入:加療設計、無假針對照,受試者與施治者對分組知情;但兩組共用相同基礎方案、未見方案偏離,且 19+19 全數納入分析(實質 ITT),指派效果分析尚屬適當(Domain 2 風險低-中)。缺失資料:三時間點資料完整、無退出(Domain 3 低風險)。結局測量:PFPS 量表本身適當且組間一致,但屬主觀病人自陳結局、受試者知情且無安慰劑對照,作者自承無法排除安慰劑效應,知情很可能影響評估(Domain 4 為本結局主要偏誤來源)。選擇性報告:主要結局宣稱事前指定、單量表單分析完整報告,但無註冊/計畫書佐證統計計畫解盲前定案(Domain 5 資訊不足)。整體偏誤傾向偏高,主因在於未盲的主觀自陳結局缺乏假針對照,可能高估針灸加療的療效。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants were randomized using computer-generated numbers into 2 treatment groups.受試者以電腦產生亂數隨機分入 2 個治療組。
- 理由:明確使用電腦產生亂數作為隨機序列,屬適當的隨機方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:全文僅述以電腦亂數隨機分組,未描述分配序列如何隱匿(例如中央分配、不透明信封等),無法判斷納入前是否對執行者/受試者隱匿,故資訊不足。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline anthropometric characteristics (age and BMI) of the 2 different groups have been subjected to statistical analysis and revealed no significant differences (Table 3). Regarding baseline measurement scores of the PFPS (before treatment), no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups (Table 4).兩組的基線人體測量特徵(年齡與 BMI)經統計分析無顯著差異(表3);PFPS 治療前基線分數兩組間亦無統計顯著差異(表4)。
- 理由:年齡、BMI、訓練量與 PFPS 基線分數兩組皆無顯著差異,未見暗示隨機化出問題的基線失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Group 2 received the same therapeutic procedures as group 1, reinforced by acupuncture treatment (a total of 16 sessions, 2 sessions per week).Group 2 接受與 Group 1 相同的治療,另加上針灸治療(共 16 次,每週 2 次)。
- 理由:本試驗為加療設計(常規治療±針灸)、無假針(sham)對照;針灸組實際接受 16 次穿刺針灸而對照組完全沒有,受試者不可能不知道自己是否接受針灸。論文雖聲稱「participants were blinded to the group status」,但在無假針對照下此盲化在物理上不可信,實際上受試者應知情,故判可能是。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The acupuncturist (KP) is a well-trained and experienced professional.施針者(KP)為訓練有素且經驗豐富的專業人員。
- 理由:施治的針灸師與提供常規治療的照顧者必然知道誰接受針灸、誰沒有(否則無從施針),施治者對分組知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Group 2 received the same therapeutic procedures as group 1, reinforced by acupuncture treatment.Group 2 除與 Group 1 相同的治療外再加上針灸。
- 理由:兩組共用相同的冰敷、NSAID 與伸展/強化基礎方案,僅差在針灸此一預定介入;全文未提及任何因試驗情境而生、超出方案的偏離(如對照組私下接受針灸、交叉施治等),判可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:A total of 38 participants with PF were randomly allocated to 2 different groups of 19 male participants in each group... a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between baseline measurements and the first and second measurements of the 2 groups during treatment.38 位足底筋膜炎受試者隨機分入各 19 人的兩組……以單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)比較兩組基線與治療期間第一、二次量測的差異。
- 理由:38 人隨機分成 19+19,結果表(表3、表4)顯示兩組各 19 人皆被納入分析、無退出或失訪,分析對象與隨機分組一致,實質等同意向治療分析;惟論文未明文宣稱 ITT,故判可能是。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:In all, 41 patients with heel pain were screened; 38 were diagnosed with PF... Group 1 62.6 (±11.2) 55.1(±10.7) 46.2(±10.3) Group 2 64.8(±11.4) 54.2(±10.9) 34.3(±10.8)共篩檢 41 位足跟痛患者,38 位確診足底筋膜炎……表4三次量測兩組(各19人)皆有完整分數。
- 理由:38 位隨機受試者(19+19)在三個時間點的 PFPS 平均分與標準差均完整報告,未提及任何退出或缺失,判幾乎所有受試者都有結局資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Outcomes were measured with the pain scale for PF used by Willis et al. The PFPS includes unique symptomatic questions in differentiating PF and control questions as well, which makes scores of 0 to 100 points.結局以 Willis 等人的足底筋膜炎疼痛量表(PFPS)量測,PFPS 含區辨足底筋膜炎的特異症狀題與對照題,合計 0 到 100 分。
- 理由:PFPS 為專為足底筋膜炎設計、已發表使用的疼痛與失能量表,量測工具本身對此結局適當,方法不屬不當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All patients completed the PFPS before the beginning, at 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks after the initiation of the treatment protocol.所有患者於治療前、第 4 週、第 8 週皆填寫 PFPS。
- 理由:兩組使用同一份 PFPS、在相同時間點以相同方式量測,結局量測方法組間一致,判否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:All patients completed the PFPS before the beginning, at 4 weeks, and at 8 weeks after the initiation of the treatment protocol.所有患者於治療前、第 4 週、第 8 週自行填寫 PFPS。
- 理由:主要結局為病人自填的 PFPS,故結局評估者即受試者本人。由於本試驗無假針對照、針灸組明知自己接受針灸(見2.1),等同評估者對所接受介入知情;論文聲稱受試者盲化在物理上不可信,故判可能是。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the mean total score of the acupuncture group at the third measurement was statistically minor compared with the mean total score of the first group針灸組在第三次量測的平均總分在統計上顯著低於第一組。
- 理由:PFPS 為主觀的病人自陳疼痛/失能量表,屬對知情敏感的主觀結局;在受試者知道自己是否接受針灸的情況下,評估可能受知情(含期待/安慰劑效應)影響。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:A limitation of the current study is that it does not include a control group because it is practically difficult to sustain patients without any medication and/or acupuncture treatment. Therefore, no assessment of the efficacy of the intended acupuncture treatment compared with placebo can be found.本研究的限制是未納入(安慰劑)對照組,因難以讓患者不接受任何藥物與/或針灸治療,因此無法評估針灸相較安慰劑的療效。
- 理由:作者自承缺乏安慰劑對照、無法排除安慰劑效應;主觀自陳結局+受試者知情+無假針對照,知情很可能影響評估結果並偏向針灸組,判可能是。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The primary outcomes, nominated a priori, were pain description and mobility-function at 1 and 2 months.事前指定的主要結局為第 1、2 個月的疼痛描述與活動功能。
- 理由:論文陳述主要結局為事前(a priori)指定,屬正面訊號;但無試驗註冊號或研究計畫書可佐證統計分析計畫是在解盲前定案,無法確認,依指引判資訊不足。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcomes, nominated a priori, were pain description and mobility-function at 1 and 2 months... Outcomes were measured with the pain scale for PF.事前指定主要結局為第 1、2 個月的疼痛描述與活動功能,均以足底筋膜炎疼痛量表量測。
- 理由:僅使用單一 PFPS 量表、三個固定時間點皆完整報告總分,未見多量表或多時間點擇優挑選;本次評估的 8 週組間結果即事前計畫的主要結局,判可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between baseline measurements and the first and second measurements of the 2 groups during treatment.以單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)比較兩組基線與治療期間第一、二次量測的差異。
- 理由:全文僅呈現單一 ANOVA 分析路徑,未見多種分析方法擇優報告的跡象,結果從多重分析中挑選的可能性低,判可能否。