COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
首次排便時間
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- -Domain 1 隨機化過程:High(高風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為個別隨機之平行三臂試驗(電針 EA、假針 SA、不針 NA,各 55 人),主要結局為客觀的首次排便時間,本評讀聚焦最嚴謹的 EA 對 SA 比較(85.9 對 107.5 小時,P=.007)。隨機序列由電腦產生屬適當,且基線均衡;惟分配以「非不透光(nonopaque)信封」執行,分配隱蔽不足(1.2 判 N),使隨機過程領域存在高偏誤風險。偏離介入領域:EA 與 SA 兩組病人與評估者均盲化、術後照護標準化、採完整 ITT 分析(三組無退出失訪、全數納入),風險低。缺失結局資料領域:主要結局資料完整無缺,風險低。結局測量領域:時間結局客觀、評估者盲化,風險低。結局選擇領域:單一事前明定之主要結局且如實報告,惟無可核對之分析計畫(5.1 NI),風險為些許疑慮。整體而言主要偏誤來源為分配隱蔽不足。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients were randomized (using simple randomization) to receive either EA, sham acupuncture (SA), or no acupuncture (NA) in a 1:1:1 ratio. A sealed nonopaque envelope (produced according to the computer-generated random sequence) was opened to determine the limb of entry.病人以簡單隨機法(simple randomization)按 1:1:1 比例隨機分配接受電針、假針或不針;分組信封依電腦產生之隨機序列製作。
- 理由:分配序列以電腦產生之隨機序列為依據,屬含隨機成分之方法,故為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A sealed nonopaque envelope (produced according to the computer-generated random sequence) was opened to determine the limb of entry.以一個密封但「非不透光」(nonopaque)的信封來決定分組。
- 理由:信封雖密封,但作者明確寫為「非不透光」(nonopaque),無法阻擋透光辨識內容,亦未敘明序號、不可逆指派等防護,分配隱蔽不足,故判 N。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The study groups were similar with respect to demographic data and surgical details (Table 1).三組在人口學資料與手術細節上相近(表 1)。
- 理由:三組各 55 人符合 1:1:1 設計,年齡、性別、BMI、ASA 分級、手術類型、手術時間等基線特徵相近,未見不相容於機遇的失衡,故無問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the patients randomized to the EA/SA groups and the outcome assessor were blinded to the treatment allocation被隨機分到電針/假針組的病人與結果評估者皆對分組盲化。
- 理由:本結局之比較為 EA 對 SA;此兩組病人皆被盲化(假針以淺刺離穴並假電刺激,病人見燈閃卻無電流、被告知頻率不可感知),故病人不知所受介入。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The acupuncturist was the only individual who was aware of the treatment allocation施針的針灸師是唯一知曉分組的人。
- 理由:執行介入者(針灸師)必然知曉分組,無法對其盲化(真假針操作不同),故施治者知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The postoperative management of all patients was standardized. Pethidine 1 mg/kg as postoperative analgesia was given every 4 hours on demand. Early ambulation was encouraged. Oral feeding was resumed as early as possible.所有病人術後處置標準化;按需給予 pethidine 鎮痛、鼓勵早期下床、儘早恢復進食。
- 理由:術後照護標準化,無證據顯示因試驗情境而出現偏離方案之介入(如選擇性給予非方案處置);EA 與 SA 兩組病人皆盲化,依工具假設此情形下偏離不受試驗特異招募/投入活動影響,故判 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. ... There was no withdrawal or dropout, and all recruited patients were available for analysis of primary and secondary outcomes.資料依意向治療原則分析;無退出或失訪,所有受試者皆納入主要與次要結局分析。
- 理由:明採 ITT 分析,三組各 55 人全數納入分析、無退出與失訪,符合估計分配效應的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There was no withdrawal or dropout, and all recruited patients were available for analysis of primary and secondary outcomes.無退出或失訪,所有受試者皆可用於主要與次要結局分析。
- 理由:流程圖顯示三組失訪皆為 0、各組 55 人全數分析,主要結局(首次排便時間)資料完整。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome of the study was the time to defecation, measured in hours, from the time the laparoscopic surgery ended until the first observed passage of stool. ... it is more objective and can be recorded readily by the assessor without bias. The data were recorded and measured by an independent research assistant.主要結局為首次排便時間(自手術結束至首次觀察到排便,以小時計),較客觀、可由評估者無偏地記錄,由獨立研究助理記錄量測。
- 理由:首次排便時間為觀察到排便事件的時間,量測方法客觀、由獨立人員記錄,不因受試者分組而不同,測量方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome ... is more objective and can be recorded readily by the assessor without bias. The data were recorded and measured by an independent research assistant.主要結局客觀、可由評估者無偏記錄,由獨立研究助理記錄量測。
- 理由:兩比較組(EA 與 SA)使用相同的客觀時間量測,無證據顯示量測方法在組間有差異,故無組間差異性測量。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the patients randomized to the EA/SA groups and the outcome assessor were blinded to the treatment allocation電針/假針組病人與結果評估者皆對分組盲化。
- 理由:結果評估者對分組盲化,故評估者不知受試者所受介入。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:已於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT00464425)且明定首次排便時間為唯一主要結局,但文中未提供可供核對的事前分析計畫(統計分析計畫),無法確認所有分析皆依事前計畫進行,故判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome of the study was the time to defecation ... Secondary outcomes included ...主要結局為首次排便時間;次要結局另列。
- 理由:全文僅單一明定主要結局(首次排便時間),結果亦如實報告該結局,無證據顯示是從多個量測中擇優揀選。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We therefore adopted time to defecation as the single primary outcome measure of this study because it is more objective and can be recorded readily by the assessor without bias.因首次排便時間較客觀且可無偏記錄,故採其為本研究唯一的主要結局。
- 理由:結局為單一連續時間變項、僅一種分析方式(組間平均比較,t 檢定),無證據顯示從多種分析中擇優揀選。