COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
上腹疼痛症狀分數
← 回到「消化不良」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為五中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究,以 SAS 產生隨機序列、分配妥善隱匿(緊急信封封存隨機碼至試驗結束),基線兩組相近,隨機過程偏誤風險低。安慰劑顆粒在味、嗅、外觀上與中藥相似並經健康志願者盲測驗證,病人、給藥者與評分者皆盲化;分析採 ITT、全部隨機分配者(106 與 54)均納入,無事後排除,指派效果(意向治療)估計的偏誤風險低。缺失資料方面,160 人中僅 7 人因「療效不足」退出(約 4.4%),原因雖與結局真值相關,但人數極少且兩組未見比例或原因差異,僅以 BOCF 單一帶入處理、未做敏感度分析,整體不太可能因缺失造成實質偏誤。本上腹疼痛結局以結構化 SDS 量表於相同時點評量、評估者盲化,量測偏誤風險低;雖無公開的事前分析計畫書(5.1 無資訊),但結局事前指定、各週含未顯著結果均完整報告,選擇性報告之疑慮低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was performed with SAS9.10. Eligible patients were assigned a randomization number according to a predetermined list at each center.隨機分配以 SAS9.10 執行。合格病人依各中心的預定名單分配一個隨機號碼。
- 理由:以 SAS 統計軟體產生隨機分配序列,屬電腦產生的隨機方法,含隨機成分。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:These numbers were allocated to patients in sequential order and registered in the patient enrolment list and the allocation was concealed. Emergency envelopes containing the randomization code were provided to the investigators and were examined at the end of the trial to ensure that the blinded conditions had been maintained.這些號碼依序分配給病人並登記於收案名單中,且分配過程加以隱匿。內含隨機碼的緊急信封提供給研究者,並於試驗結束時檢查以確保盲性條件維持。
- 理由:明確敘述分配已隱匿,且隨機碼置於緊急信封、試驗結束才檢查,配合本研究為安慰劑顆粒(外觀氣味相同)由獨立藥廠製備、依預定名單序列分配,足以判定分配在收案與指派前被妥善隱匿。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No significant differences were identified between the two groups in parameters such as gender, age, course of disease or symptom scores before treatment.兩組在性別、年齡、病程或治療前症狀分數等參數上未發現顯著差異。
- 理由:基線表(表 3)兩組年齡、性別、身高體重、病程及治療前 TDS/SDS(含上腹疼痛 3.32 vs 2.85)相近,組間人數 106:54 符合預定 2:1 配置,未見提示隨機過程出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients in the placebo group were given placebo granules, which were prepared by the same supplier and were designed to taste, smell and look similar to the Chinese herbal formula granules.安慰劑組給予安慰劑顆粒,由同一供應商製備,設計成在味道、氣味與外觀上與中藥配方顆粒相似。
- 理由:雙盲、安慰劑對照,安慰劑顆粒在味、嗅、視覺上與中藥相似,並以 20 名健康志願者盲測驗證難以分辨,病人對所分配介入應未知曉。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial... Emergency envelopes containing the randomization code were provided to the investigators and were examined at the end of the trial to ensure that the blinded conditions had been maintained.本研究為雙盲、安慰劑對照臨床試驗……內含隨機碼的緊急信封提供給研究者,並於試驗結束時檢查以確保盲性條件維持。
- 理由:雙盲設計、安慰劑與中藥顆粒由同一供應商製備且外觀相同,分配隱匿,隨機碼封存至試驗結束,照護及給藥人員應對分組維持盲性。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:We used intention to treat (ITT) analyses, using all available data at each time point and the baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) approach for missing data.我們採用意向治療(ITT)分析,於各時間點使用所有可得資料,並以基線觀測值帶入(BOCF)法處理缺失資料。
- 理由:宣稱並執行 ITT,分析人數維持 CHM=106、placebo=54(即全部隨機分配者,無事後排除),符合估計指派效果的適當分析;BOCF 屬缺失資料處理(在第 3 領域評估),不影響本題判定為適當。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Seven patients withdrew from the trial due to a lack of efficacy.七名病人因療效不足退出試驗。
- 理由:160 人中 7 人(約 4.4%)退出,採 BOCF 帶入缺失值,表 4 分析人數仍列 106 與 54;真正具上腹疼痛結局觀測值者並非全部或幾乎全部(缺失值以基線帶入而非實測),故未達「全部或幾乎全部皆有資料」。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We used intention to treat (ITT) analyses, using all available data at each time point and the baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) approach for missing data.我們採用意向治療分析,於各時間點使用所有可得資料,並以基線觀測值帶入法處理缺失資料。
- 理由:僅用 BOCF 單一帶入處理缺失資料、未做敏感度分析或矯正偏誤的方法;依指引,BOCF 等單一帶入不應視為已矯正缺失資料偏誤,故無證據顯示結果未受缺失資料影響。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Seven patients withdrew from the trial due to a lack of efficacy.七名病人因療效不足退出試驗。
- 理由:退出原因為「療效不足」,與症狀(結局真值)有關,故缺失與否可能取決於結局真值。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:To allow for a 15% rate of dropouts and missing data, we recruited 106 patients for the treatment group and 54 patients for the control group.為容許 15% 的退出與缺失率,我們在治療組收 106 人、對照組收 54 人。
- 理由:缺失比例小(約 4.4%、7/160),文中未報告兩組退出比例或原因有差異,採 BOCF 帶入;雖原因與療效有關,但人數極少不足以對結果造成實質偏誤,判定不太可能因缺失而偏誤。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The SDS scale measured three aspects of four principal symptoms of FD. The symptoms were epigastric pain, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness and bloating, and early satiety. The three aspects were the frequency, intensity and level of discomfort, and were rated by four options (absent = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, or severe = 3).SDS 量表針對功能性消化不良四項主要症狀測量三個面向,症狀為上腹疼痛、上腹灼熱、餐後飽脹與早飽;三面向為頻率、強度與不適程度,以四級(無=0、輕=1、中=2、重=3)評分。
- 理由:以結構化的消化不良症狀量表量測上腹疼痛,對症狀變化具敏感度,為功能性消化不良試驗的適當量測方法。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Ratings were completed by both the investigators and patients at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8.評分由研究者與病人於基線及第 1、2、3、4、8 週共同完成。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、於相同時間點(第 0、1、2、3、4、8 週)評量,量測方法與時點一致,組間量測或確認方式無差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients in the placebo group were given placebo granules... designed to taste, smell and look similar to the Chinese herbal formula granules... it is reasonable to assume that the medication was given in an appropriately blinded manner.安慰劑組給予在味道、氣味與外觀上與中藥配方顆粒相似的安慰劑顆粒……可合理假設藥物以適當盲化方式給予。
- 理由:雙盲試驗,安慰劑與中藥外觀氣味味道相似並經盲測驗證;本結局由病人與醫師評分,二者皆對分組盲化,故結局評估者(病人與研究者)對所受介入不知情。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR): ChiCTR-TRC-10001074試驗註冊:中國臨床試驗註冊中心(ChiCTR):ChiCTR-TRC-10001074。
- 理由:雖有試驗註冊號,但文中未提供可取得的事前分析計畫書,無法核對結局與分析是否完全依事前計畫,故無資訊。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcomes were dyspepsia symptom scores, measured by the total dyspepsia symptom scale and the single dyspepsia symptom scale at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8.主要結局為消化不良症狀分數,以總消化不良症狀量表與單項消化不良症狀量表於第 0、1、2、3、4、8 週量測。
- 理由:上腹疼痛為事前指定 SDS 量表四項主症狀之一,於預定時間點評量並完整呈現於表 4(醫師與病人版各週數值與 P 值),未見從多重量測或子集中挑選有利結果之跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The score of epigastric pain was not different between the two groups (P > 0.05)... At week 8, the scores of epigastric pain, postprandial fullness, and early satiety were significantly better for CHM than for placebo (P < 0.01).上腹疼痛分數兩組間無差異(P > 0.05)……第 8 週時上腹疼痛、餐後飽脹與早飽分數中藥組顯著優於安慰劑(P < 0.01)。
- 理由:上腹疼痛各週的醫師與病人評分與 P 值完整列於表 4(如第 4 週醫師 P=0.061、病人 P=0.040;第 8 週 P=0.005、0.004),含未達顯著的結果,未見選擇性僅報告有利分析。