COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
首步痛 VAS(6 週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為平行組、受試者盲化的隨機對照試驗(真乾針 vs 不穿透假乾針,n=84,足底筋膜炎),評讀主要結局=首步痛 VAS 於第 6 週的組間比較(校正後真針優於假針,−14.4mm,P=.002)。隨機化:外部人員以亂數產生器產生區塊隨機序列、分配以依序編號密封不透光信封隱匿至基線測量後,基線兩組相近,隨機化面向偏誤低。偏離介入(ITT):施治者無法盲化(2.2=Y),但受試者以假針+簾幕盲化且 CEQ 顯示兩組可信度/期望值無差異,未見因試驗情境而生的偏離,並採 ITT+多重插補分析,偏誤傾向低。缺失資料:主要終點 6 週完成率 96.4%、缺失極少且兩組均衡並以多重插補處理,偏誤低。結局測量:主要結局為病人自填之主觀疼痛量表(VAS/FHSQ),評估者即受試者本人,因受試者盲化大致成功,測量偏誤傾向低;惟真針組不良事件較多(32% vs <1%)帶來部分解盲風險,屬輕微保留。選擇性報告:主要結局、6 週主要終點與 ANCOVA 分析皆於試驗註冊與計畫書論文事前指定,偏誤低。整體而言本結局各面向偏誤風險偏低,主要不確定來自施治者未盲化與真針特有不良事件可能造成的部分解盲。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A simple block randomization procedure was used to allocate participants to the real or sham dry needling group. An external person not directly involved in the trial used a random number generator to create an allocation sequence containing 100 allocations (50 experimental and 50 control).採用簡單區塊隨機化將受試者分配到真乾針或假乾針組。由一位未直接參與試驗的外部人員使用亂數產生器建立含 100 個分配(50 實驗、50 對照)的分配序列。
- 理由:明確使用亂數產生器產生區塊隨機序列,含真正的隨機成分,序列不可預測,故答是。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The allocation sequence was concealed from the researcher (M.P.C.) enrolling and assessing participants; each participant's allocation was contained in sequentially numbered, sealed, and stapled opaque envelopes. Each envelope, containing the allocation, was opened immediately after all baseline measurements were recorded.分配序列對負責納入與評估受試者的研究者(M.P.C.)保密;每位受試者的分配裝在依序編號、密封並釘合的不透光信封內,於所有基線測量記錄完畢後才立即開封。
- 理由:序列由外部人員產生、對納入者保密,並使用依序編號、密封、不透光信封、於基線測量後才開封,符合適當的分配隱匿條件,故答是。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline characteristics of the study participants are listed in Table 2. ... All baseline characteristics were similar across groups.受試者基線特徵列於表 2……所有基線特徵在兩組間相近。
- 理由:作者報告兩組基線特徵相近、無明顯不平衡,分組人數也接近 1:1(41 vs 43),未見暗示隨機化出問題的失衡,故答否。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The study was a parallel-group, participant-blinded, randomized controlled trial. ... To prevent participants from determining their allocation, a curtain was placed across the thoracic spine and cushions were positioned between their legs. ... After the first treatment, there was ... no significant difference between groups regarding how believable, convincing, and logical the treatment appeared.本研究為平行組、受試者盲化的隨機對照試驗……為避免受試者判斷其分組,於胸椎處拉起簾幕、雙腿間放置墊子……首次治療後,兩組在治療的可信度、說服力與合理性上並無顯著差異。
- 理由:受試者以不穿透假針+簾幕遮擋加以盲化,且首次治療後以 CEQ 測得兩組對治療可信度/期望值無顯著差異,顯示盲化大致成功,故判受試者可能不知分組。惟真乾針組輕微暫時性不良事件(如針刺痛、瘀青)明顯較多(32% vs <1%),存在部分解盲風險,但正式盲化評估支持盲化維持,故答可能否而非是。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:It was not possible to blind the therapist. ... Participants were treated by a registered podiatrist (M.P.C.) who had 12 years of clinical experience and 4 years of dry needling experience.無法對治療師進行盲化……受試者由一位具 12 年臨床經驗、4 年乾針經驗的註冊足病治療師(M.P.C.)施治。
- 理由:論文限制欄明確指出無法對治療師盲化,施治者知道每位受試者分到真針或假針,故答是。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:All analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. All participants were analyzed in the group to which they were randomly assigned regardless of: (1) the treatment actually received, (2) deviations from the trial protocol, and (3) withdrawal from the trial.所有分析以意向治療為基礎;不論(1)實際接受的治療、(2)偏離試驗計畫、(3)退出試驗,所有受試者皆依隨機分派的組別分析。
- 理由:施治者雖未盲化,但論文未報告任何因試驗情境(如缺乏平衡心態導致施予非計畫介入、或未落實計畫介入)而生、且不一致於計畫的偏離;治療皆按計畫(每週一次共 6 週)進行,故判無因試驗情境而生的偏離,答可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. All participants were analyzed in the group to which they were randomly assigned regardless of ... To account for missing data ... we used the multiple imputation method.所有分析以意向治療為基礎,所有受試者皆依隨機分派組別分析;並以多重插補法處理缺失資料。
- 理由:明確採意向治療(ITT)分析、依隨機分派組別分析全體受試者,並以多重插補處理缺失資料,屬估計指派效果的適當分析,故答是。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:In total, 81 participants (96.4%) completed the 6-week follow-up, and 79 participants (94.0%) completed the 12-week follow-up. ... To account for missing data (16/420 VAS measurements ...), we used the multiple imputation method.共 81 位(96.4%)完成第 6 週追蹤、79 位(94.0%)完成第 12 週追蹤……並以多重插補法處理缺失資料(VAS 缺 16/420 筆等)。
- 理由:主要終點第 6 週有 96.4% 受試者具結局資料,缺失極少,且對缺失以多重插補處理,幾乎所有受試者都有結局資料,故答是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Primary outcome measures included first-step pain, as measured with a visual analog scale (VAS), and foot pain, as measured with the pain subscale of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ).主要結局包含以視覺類比量表(VAS)量測的首步痛,以及以足部健康狀態問卷(FHSQ)疼痛次量表量測的足痛。
- 理由:以 100mm VAS 及已驗證的 FHSQ 疼痛次量表量測疼痛,皆為此類主觀疼痛結局的適當量測方法,兩組使用相同工具,故測量方法無不當,答否。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All primary outcome measures were performed at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks ... Outcomes were measured prior to participants receiving treatment and were administered by an external person not directly involved in the trial.所有主要結局於基線及第 2、4、6、12 週量測……結局在受試者接受治療前量測,並由未直接參與試驗的外部人員施測。
- 理由:兩組於相同時間點、以相同工具、由同一外部人員在治療前量測,量測方法在兩組間一致,答否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The study was a parallel-group, participant-blinded, randomized controlled trial. ... After the first treatment, there was ... no significant difference between groups regarding how believable, convincing, and logical the treatment appeared.本研究為平行組、受試者盲化的隨機對照試驗……首次治療後,兩組在治療的可信度、說服力與合理性上並無顯著差異。
- 理由:主要結局為病人自填的主觀疼痛量表,結局評估者實為受試者本人;受試者以不穿透假針+簾幕盲化,且 CEQ 顯示兩組可信度/期望值無顯著差異,盲化大致成功,故評估者(病人)可能不知分組,答可能否。惟真針組不良事件較多存在部分解盲風險,故非確定否。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Our decision to perform an ANCOVA, which was prespecified in the trial registration and protocol article, was to account for regression to the mean ... The primary end point for predicting the effectiveness of dry needling for plantar heel pain (using the primary outcome measures) was 6 weeks.採用 ANCOVA 的決定已於試驗註冊與計畫書論文中事前指定,用以校正回歸均值……預測乾針療效的主要終點(以主要結局量測)為第 6 週。
- 理由:主要結局、主要終點(6 週)與 ANCOVA 分析方法皆在試驗註冊與已發表的計畫書論文中事前指定,屬解盲前定案的分析計畫,故答是。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome measures included: (1) first-step pain ... measured with a 100-mm VAS, and (2) foot pain, as measured using the pain subscale of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) ... The primary end point ... was 6 weeks.主要結局為:(1) 以 100mm VAS 量測的首步痛,及 (2) 以 FHSQ 疼痛次量表量測的足痛……主要終點為第 6 週。
- 理由:兩項主要結局的量表與主要終點時間點(6 週)皆事前明訂,結果係依事前指定的量測與時間點報告,非從多個量測中挑選有利者,故答可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Continuous outcomes measured at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks were analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with baseline scores included as covariates. Our decision to perform an ANCOVA ... was prespecified in the trial registration and protocol article.第 2、4、6、12 週的連續型結局以共變數分析(ANCOVA、納入基線分數為共變項)分析;採 ANCOVA 的決定已於試驗註冊與計畫書論文中事前指定。
- 理由:分析方法(含基線校正的 ANCOVA)事前指定並一致套用於各時間點,未見從多個分析中挑選有利結果的跡象,故答可能否。