COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
延遲 CINV 完全緩解率
← 回到「噁心」的圖表
本試驗為 AB/BA 交叉(crossover)設計,於連續兩個化療週期交換止吐方案(針灸 vs ondansetron),採 RoB 2 交叉試驗專屬變體評讀(含 Domain S:期間與殘留效應)。對照為陽性藥(ondansetron),屬開放標籤。
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- ?Domain 1 隨機化過程:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain S 期間與殘留效應:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為 AB/BA 交叉、開放標籤之隨機對照試驗(TCTR 20131105001,n=70 全數完成、無失訪),於連續兩個化療週期交換止吐方案,比較 P6 手針相對 ondansetron 對延遲性 CINV 之預防;主要結局為延遲性完全緩解率(針灸 52.8% vs ondansetron 35.7%,P=0.02)。方法學上:亂數區組隨機(分配隱匿未描述,1.2 NI)、受試者內設計使病人特徵天然平衡、無缺失資料、事前註冊並預定主要結局;交叉層面兩序列人數相等、化療週期間隔約三週足以清除殘留效應,惟主要分析未正式校正期間效應(S.2 PN,但分序列資料顯示期間效應不明顯)。主要弱點在 Domain 4:陽性藥對照、開放標籤,主要結局含病人自記之主觀噁心且病人顯著偏好針灸,可能受期望影響;惟『完全緩解』另要求無嘔吐與無救援用藥之相對客觀成分,故測量偏誤屬有些疑慮而非高。整體偏誤風險為有些疑慮。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was done by block of four using a random number generator.以隨機亂數產生器、四人一區組進行隨機化。
- 理由:以亂數產生器搭配四人區組隨機,含明確隨機成分,序列產生方式適當。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:Patients were randomly allocated to receive one of the following antiemetic treatment regimens.病人被隨機分派至其中一種止吐方案。
- 理由:未描述分配隱匿機制(是否於納入前隱匿),無法判定,故資訊不足。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:70 patients were randomized and used for analysis. No subject was lost to follow-up or quit the study70 人隨機分派並全數納入分析、無失訪。
- 理由:交叉設計為受試者內比較(同一病人先後接受兩方案),病人層級之特徵天然平衡;區組隨機且序列人數相等(35:35),未見隨機過程問題。
Domain S:期間與殘留效應 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源(交叉設計專屬):期間效應與殘留效應——兩序列人數是否相當、分析是否納入期間效應、第二期測量前殘留效應是否已消退。
S.1
兩個序列分到的人數是否相當?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Acupuncture in the 1st cycle (n=35) ... Ondansetron in the 1st cycle (n=35)針灸先做 n=35、ondansetron 先做 n=35。
- 理由:兩序列隨機分派人數相等(各 35 人),符合設計。
S.2
分析是否納入了期間效應(period effects)?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 S.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
S.3
第二期測量前,是否有足夠時間讓殘留效應(carryover)消退?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients received either antiemetic regimen A or B for their first cycle of chemotherapy and were crossed over to the other regimen for their consecutive cycle within a three-week period.第一週期用 A 或 B、下一週期(約三週後)交換另一方案。
- 理由:CINV 及止吐介入之效應限於化療後 5 天內,下一週期約三週後才開始,殘留(carryover)效應有充分時間消退,洗脫足夠。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Treatment A: Manual acupuncture ... Treatment B: A single dose of ondansetron 8 mg was administered intravenouslyA=手針、B=靜脈注射 ondansetron。
- 理由:針灸 vs 靜脈藥物、開放標籤無假針,受試者能察覺所接受之介入。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All acupuncture treatments were carried out by the third author (AL) of this study.所有針灸皆由第三作者施行。
- 理由:施治者需分辨並執行針灸或給藥,必然知情,無法設盲。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:All patients received dexamethasone 5 mg orally twice a day for 3 days. Additional doses of ondansetron 4 mg were given orally every 12 h if patients had experienced any nausea and/or vomiting.兩組皆用口服地塞米松、有噁心嘔吐時皆給救援 ondansetron。
- 理由:兩方案共用相同基礎止吐與救援規則;未見因試驗情境而生、偏離預定介入之操作偏差(救援用藥屬預定且計入結局)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the remaining 70 patients were randomized and used for analysis. No subject was lost to follow-up70 人全數納入分析、無失訪。
- 理由:無缺失、全數依指派納入分析,屬適當之意向治療分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No subject was lost to follow-up or quit the study (Fig. 1).無人失訪或退出(圖 1)。
- 理由:70 人皆有兩週期完整結局資料,無缺失。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Complete response was defined as no nausea, no vomiting and no requirement of additional antiemetic drugs.完全緩解定義為無噁心、無嘔吐、無需額外止吐藥。
- 理由:完全緩解由嘔吐次數、噁心與救援用藥組成,為 CINV 之適當量測。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients were assigned to record emesis episode, severity of nausea, number of additional doses of oral ondansetron and adverse events during the first 5 days.病人記錄前 5 天之嘔吐、噁心嚴重度、救援用藥次數與不良反應。
- 理由:兩方案採相同自記方式與時程,量測方法組間一致。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:After the second cycle of treatment, patients were asked to indicate their preferred treatments.第二週期後詢問病人偏好之治療。
- 理由:結局為病人自記且屬開放標籤(病人知道自己接受針灸或藥物),評估者(=未設盲病人)知悉所受介入。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:an analysis of the 40 patients who reported a treatment preference revealed that there was a significant preference of acupuncture over ondansetron (P = 0.004)有偏好者中顯著偏好針灸(P=0.004)。
- 理由:主要結局含主觀之噁心自評,且病人對針灸有顯著偏好、預期心理可能影響自記結果。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Complete response was defined as no nausea, no vomiting and no requirement of additional antiemetic drugs.完全緩解含無嘔吐與無救援用藥之客觀成分。
- 理由:主要結局『完全緩解』同時要求無嘔吐與無救援用藥(相對客觀之錨定),降低評估實際被知情驅動之可能;惟噁心成分仍主觀,整體屬有些疑慮而非高風險。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:This study was a randomized trial, crossover study (Clinicaltrial.in.th identifier: TCTR 20131105001) ... The primary outcome was complete response rate of delayed emetic control研究已註冊(TCTR 20131105001)、事前明訂主要結局為延遲性止吐完全緩解率。
- 理由:有事前試驗註冊且主要結局明確預定、樣本數事前估算;惟無法完全確認統計分析計畫於解盲前定案,故判可能是。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Emetic episode, severity of nausea score of 0–10 and adverse events were recorded.嘔吐次數、0–10 噁心分數與不良反應皆有記錄與報告。
- 理由:急性/延遲、各量測與不良反應皆完整呈報,未見從多重量測中挑選有利者。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Emetic control according to treatment sequence is detailed in Table 2.依序列之止吐控制詳列於表 2。
- 理由:整體與分序列分析皆呈報,未見從多種分析中擇優呈現。
5.4
是否因偵測到殘留效應,而尋求但無法取得「合併兩期」的結果(只報第一期)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Higher complete response for delayed CINV ... in acupuncture group in both treatment sequences.兩序列中針灸組延遲 CINV 完全緩解皆較高。
- 理由:兩期/兩序列資料皆有呈報,未見刻意隱藏需用兩期資料計算之結果。