COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
IBS-SSS 總有效率(第8週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
設計:多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照的平行組試驗(腸安I號方煎劑 vs 5%原藥+炒米製成的中藥安慰劑,150 mL/袋、每日3次、共8週),非交叉設計。主要結局取 IBS-SSS 總有效率(第8週、FAS、組間比較,病人自評)。隨機化:由生物統計學家以分層區組隨機化產生隨機碼、比例1:1,分配隱匿以密封盲碼+隨機信封+專責藥物管理員實施,基線各項均衡,偏誤風險低。偏離介入:雙盲成功、病人與施治者不知情,主要結局採 FAS(mITT)分析、以 FAS 為主,屬適當的指派效果估計,偏誤風險低。缺失資料:216 位隨機者中 206 位(約95.4%)具主要結局資料,兩組失訪均衡(各約10人),FAS 與 PPS 結論一致,偏誤風險低。結局測量:IBS-SSS 為病人自評的驗證量表,雖屬主觀結局,但雙盲下病人(=評估者)成功盲化,測量偏誤風險低。選擇性報告:試驗前瞻註冊(ChiCTR-TRC-09000328)、事前明訂主要/次要指標與分析集,惟未取得正式統計分析計畫定案佐證,判為 PY。整體而言本主要結局各面向偏誤傾向偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A stratified blocked randomization was used to generate random codes for the treatment and control groups at the ratio of 1:1. ... a number grouping table was randomly generated by biostatisticians according to the assigned number and random proportion of cases from participating units.採用分層區組隨機化,由生物統計學家依指派編號與各參與單位病例的隨機比例,隨機產生一份分組編號表,以 1:1 比例產生治療組與對照組的隨機碼。
- 理由:明確描述由生物統計學家以分層區組隨機化產生隨機碼、比例 1:1,含真正的隨機成分,屬適當的隨機序列產生。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The allocation concealment was designed by the biostatistician, and the length of the selected block and random initial seed parameter were used as masked information that was kept in the blind codes, which were sealed in the office of National Medicines Clinical Trial Base of Xiyuan Hospital of CACMS. Random envelopes were kept and used by the drug administrator in each clinical center.分配隱匿由生物統計學家設計,所選區組長度與隨機初始種子參數作為遮蔽資訊保存於盲碼中,密封於西苑醫院國家藥物臨床試驗基地辦公室;隨機信封由各臨床中心的藥物管理員保管使用。
- 理由:區組長度與隨機種子被當作盲碼密封保管、由與收案分離的專責藥物管理員依收案順序開啟隨機信封,並設急救信封機制,屬中央化+密封信封的隱匿方式,足以判定分配在納入前被隱匿;因未逐項說明信封是否不透光/防拆,故給 PY 而非 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The baseline comparison of gender, age, course of disease, history and complications, and drug combination, primary efficacy index such as IBS-SSS and the secondary efficacy indices such as IBS-QOL, HADa and HADd between the two groups showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05), and the baseline was consistent and comparable.兩組在性別、年齡、病程、病史與併發症、合併用藥,以及主要療效指標 IBS-SSS 與次要指標 IBS-QOL、HADa、HADd 的基線比較均無統計學顯著差異(P>0.05),基線一致且可比。
- 理由:Table 2 顯示各項基線特徵兩組均衡、無顯著差異,未見暗示隨機化出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial ... composition of placebo was composed through boiling 5% of the original ingredients of Chang'an I Recipe and fried rice. ... The decoction would be considered qualified when no significant difference from the sample was found.多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照臨床試驗;安慰劑由腸安I號方原藥材 5% 加炒米煎煮製成;煎劑須與樣品無明顯差異方屬合格。
- 理由:雙盲設計、安慰劑為含 5% 原藥的中藥煎劑並要求外觀氣味與真藥無可辨差異,病人應無法得知自己分組,故受試者不知情(答 PN)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial ... the production and packaging of Chang'an I Recipe and CM placebo were in the charge of a dedicated administrator in each clinical center.多中心隨機雙盲安慰劑對照試驗;腸安I號方與中藥安慰劑的製備與包裝由各臨床中心的專責管理員負責。
- 理由:雙盲、安慰劑外觀不可辨,藥物製備開盲由與臨床照護分離的專責藥物管理員處理,臨床研究者/施治者對分組維持盲性,故照顧者與施治者不知情(答 PN)。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Full analysis set (FAS) referred to the patients who were administered the drug at least once and determined the primary indexes at least once after treatment ... FAS and PPS analysis were performed for the primary efficacy indexes.全分析集(FAS)指至少用藥一次且治療後至少測定過一次主要指標的病人;主要療效指標同時進行 FAS 與 PPS 分析。
- 理由:主要結局採 FAS 分析(=mITT,僅排除無治療後結局測量者、仍按隨機分組分析),依官方指引 mITT 視為適當估計指派效果的分析;報告以 FAS 為主(兩者不一致時以 FAS 為準),故答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:A total of 273 outpatient patients were selected from the clinical centers, and 216 of them were included and randomized, with 206 determined by FAS, 191 by PPS, and 206 by SS (Figure 1).共自各臨床中心篩選 273 位門診病人,其中 216 位納入並隨機分組,FAS 為 206 人、PPS 為 191 人、SS 為 206 人(圖 1)。
- 理由:216 位隨機者中 206 位(約 95.4%)具主要結局資料(治療組 99/109、對照組 107/107),僅約 5% 缺失,屬「幾乎所有受試者都有結局資料」,答 PY。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:IBS-SSS was rated by the patients on their own in the aspects including the degree and frequency of abdominal pain, degree of abdominal distension, defecation satisfaction, and impacts on life, once every 2 weeks. As reported in the literature, score less than 75 points was considered as remission, 75–175 as mild, 175–300 as moderate, and over 300 as severe.IBS-SSS 由病人自評,涵蓋腹痛程度與頻率、腹脹程度、排便滿意度及對生活的影響,每 2 週一次;依文獻,<75 分為緩解、75–175 輕度、175–300 中度、>300 重度。
- 理由:IBS-SSS 是已建立、經文獻驗證的 IBS 症狀嚴重度量表,用於量測本結局屬適當,故答 N(測量方法並非不當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:IBS-SSS was rated by the patients on their own ... once every 2 weeks.IBS-SSS 由病人自評,每 2 週一次。
- 理由:兩組皆以相同的病人自評 IBS-SSS、相同時間點量測,測量方式不會因分組而不同,答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial ... IBS-SSS was rated by the patients on their own雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗;IBS-SSS 由病人自評。
- 理由:此為病人自評結局,評估者即為受試者;雙盲+不可辨中藥安慰劑使病人成功盲化,故評估者(病人)不知分組,答 PN。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:(No.ChiCTR-TRC-09000328) ... The primary indices of efficacy included the effective rates of IBS symptom severity score (IBS-SSS) and the differences in adequate relief (AR) responder ... A superiority trial design was adopted ... α=0.025, β=0.2 (effectiveness=80%), with a markedly effective standard δ=8%.(註冊號 ChiCTR-TRC-09000328);主要療效指標包括 IBS-SSS 有效率與充分緩解(AR)反應者的差異;採優效性設計,α=0.025、β=0.2(把握度 80%),顯著有效標準 δ=8%。
- 理由:試驗有前瞻性註冊(ChiCTR-TRC-09000328),事前明訂主要/次要療效指標、優效性設計、樣本量與 FAS/PPS/SS 分析集,報告結果與事前指標相符,判為依事前計畫分析(PY);惟未取得正式統計分析計畫確認解盲前定案,故給 PY 而非 Y。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary indices of efficacy included the effective rates of IBS symptom severity score (IBS-SSS) and the differences in adequate relief (AR) responder.主要療效指標包括 IBS-SSS 有效率與充分緩解(AR)反應者的差異。
- 理由:主要結局 IBS-SSS 有效率為事前單一明訂的量測與定義(有效率=痊癒+顯著改善+改善率),雖每 2 週量測但依既定治療結束時點與定義報告,結果不太可能是從多個量測中挑選而來,答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:FAS and PPS analysis were performed for the primary efficacy indexes ... The consistent conclusions of FAS and PPS showed a better efficacy in the treatment group.主要療效指標進行 FAS 與 PPS 分析;兩者結論一致,均顯示治療組療效較佳。
- 理由:主要結局的兩種事前指定分析(FAS、PPS)皆完整報告且結論一致,並事先規定不一致時以 FAS 為準,無證據顯示從多個分析中挑選有利結果,答 PN。