COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
每週 CSBM 次數
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為 15 院所、1075 人之大型隨機、平行、假針對照試驗,評估電針對慢性嚴重功能性便秘每週 CSBM 次數的效果。隨機域低風險:以 SAS PROC PLAN 分層區組隨機、經中央分派系統隱匿,基線兩組均衡。偏離介入域:施針者依介入性質無法盲化,但受試者以非穿透假針成功盲化(盲性檢測無組間差異),且採納入全部隨機分派者的 ITT 分析(缺失多重插補+敏感度分析),未見因試驗情境而偏離方案之證據。缺失資料域低風險:整體退出僅 5.0%、ITT 納入全部受試者。測量域低風險:以標準化排便日記由已盲化之受試者自填、兩組方法一致。報告選擇域低風險:統計分析計畫事先核准、試驗已註冊,主要結果與時點預先指定。整體偏誤風險為低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants were allocated to the EA or SA group using stratified block randomization. The randomization sequences were generated by using PROC PLAN in SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute), with the study site as the stratification factor and the block length as 4.受試者以分層區組隨機分派至 EA 或 SA 組。隨機序列以 SAS 9.4 版的 PROC PLAN 程序產生,以研究院所為分層因子、區組長度為 4。
- 理由:以 SAS 電腦程式(PROC PLAN)產生分層區組隨機序列,含明確隨機成分,序列產生方式適當。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Acupuncturists obtained each patient's random number and assignment through the central randomization system (Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences).針灸師透過中央隨機分派系統(中國中醫科學院基礎理論研究所)取得每位病人的隨機號碼與分派結果。
- 理由:採用獨立於收案人員的中央隨機分派系統取得分派結果,屬遠端集中分派,分派序列在分派前充分隱匿。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Table 1 shows participants' baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. ... EA Group (n = 536) ... SA Group (n = 539)表 1 列出受試者的基線人口學與臨床特徵。EA 組(n=536)、SA 組(n=539)。
- 理由:兩組各 536 與 539 人,貼近 1:1 預期配置;表 1 的年齡、性別、種族、基線每週 CSBM/SBM、便秘病程、PAC-QOL 等特徵兩組相近,未見不相容於機遇的失衡,無證據顯示隨機過程出問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Except for acupuncturists, all relevant parties were blinded to the intervention (EA vs. SA) groups. ... To test the success of blinding ... no statistical difference was found between groups in the proportion of participants who guessed that they received EA除針灸師外,所有相關人員皆對介入分組(EA 對 SA)盲化。盲性檢測顯示,兩組猜測自己接受 EA 的比例無統計差異。
- 理由:採非穿透假針(假 ST25/SP14/ST37)並使具相同指示燈與聲音之假 EA 儀器,受試者盲化;盲性檢測在第 4、8 週與第 4 及 8 週合併均無組間差異,證明受試者確實未察覺其分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Except for acupuncturists, all relevant parties were blinded to the intervention (EA vs. SA) groups. ... Acupuncturists could not be blinded.除針灸師外,所有相關人員皆對分組盲化。針灸師無法盲化。
- 理由:施針者(介入提供者)因須在真/假穴位施針、操作真/假 EA,必然知曉分組,無法盲化;故照護/介入提供者一方知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:All analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle, with all randomly assigned participants included. ... participants without BMs for 3 or more consecutive days were allowed to use 110-mL glycerol or 40- to 60-mL sorbitol anal enema as rescue medicine with documentation in the stool diary.所有分析依意向治療原則進行,納入全部隨機分派受試者。兩組連續 3 天以上無排便者皆可使用 110 毫升甘油或 40–60 毫升山梨醇灌腸作為救援藥物,並記錄於排便日記。
- 理由:雖施針者未盲化,但救援藥物兩組同樣允許並記錄為共變數,介入由 15 院所、經統一訓練之針灸師依方案施行,未見因試驗情境而偏離方案的證據;任何不依從屬試驗外亦會發生的情形,故判 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle, with all randomly assigned participants included. ... The intention-to-treat analyses consisted of all randomly assigned patients, including 3 who received no treatment. All participants had baseline data.所有分析依意向治療原則進行,納入全部隨機分派受試者,包括 3 位未接受任何治療者。所有受試者皆有基線資料。
- 理由:明確採 ITT 分析,納入全部 1075 位隨機分派者(含 3 位未受治療者),缺失值以多重插補處理並做 pattern-mixture 敏感度分析,屬估計分派效果的適當分析方法。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A total of 54 (5.0%) participants dropped out during the study: 21 (3.9%) in the EA group and 33 (6.1%) in the SA group (Figure 1). ... The intention-to-treat analyses consisted of all randomly assigned patients ... All participants had baseline data.研究期間共 54 位(5.0%)退出:EA 組 21 位(3.9%)、SA 組 33 位(6.1%)。意向治療分析納入全部隨機分派者,所有受試者皆有基線資料。
- 理由:整體退出率僅 5.0%,且 ITT 分析納入全部 1075 位(缺失以多重插補處理),可視為幾乎所有受試者皆有此結果資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants completed a stool diary during the 22-week study period ... A CSBM was defined as a complete spontaneous bowel movement ... An SBM was defined as a BM that occurred without use of any medication or other methods to assist defecation in the previous 24 hours.受試者於 22 週研究期間填寫排便日記。完全自主排便(CSBM)依完整自主排便定義;自主排便(SBM)定義為前 24 小時內未用任何藥物或輔助方法協助而發生之排便。
- 理由:以標準化排便日記記錄每週 CSBM 次數,CSBM/SBM 有明確客觀定義,為功能性便秘試驗公認的適當測量方法,方法本身並無不當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants completed a stool diary during the 22-week study period ... Both treatments consisted of 28 sessions ... The main components of the stool diary included BMs, SBMs, CSBMs, stool consistency, straining, and medication use.受試者於 22 週研究期間填寫排便日記;兩組皆為 28 次療程;日記主要項目含排便、自主排便、完全自主排便、糞便性狀、用力程度與用藥。
- 理由:兩組以完全相同的標準化排便日記方法測量 CSBM,測量程序一致,無證據顯示確定方式因組別而異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Except for acupuncturists, all relevant parties were blinded to the intervention (EA vs. SA) groups. ... Participants completed a stool diary除針灸師外,所有相關人員皆對分組盲化;結果由受試者自填排便日記取得。
- 理由:結果為受試者自填日記(受試者即結果評估者),而受試者已成功盲化(盲性檢測無組間差異),故結果評估者實質上未知曉所接受之介入。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The statistical analysis plan was completed and approved by the data and safety monitoring board. No interim analysis was done. ... The study protocol (14) adhered to the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture guidelines統計分析計畫已完成並經資料與安全監測委員會核准,未做期中分析;研究方案(文獻14)遵循針灸臨床試驗報告標準(STRICTA)指引。
- 理由:本文明載統計分析計畫於核准、且試驗在 ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT01726504)註冊並有已發表方案,主要結果(第1–8週每週 CSBM 變化)與註冊/方案一致,可合理判 PY(雖未逐一核對方案全文)。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change from baseline in mean weekly complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs) during weeks 1 to 8.主要結果為第 1 至 8 週每週平均完全自主排便(CSBM)自基線之變化。
- 理由:主要結果(每週 CSBM、時段第1–8週)事先明確界定,與註冊/方案一致;雖另報多個時段與次要結果,但本結果之量測與時點為預先指定,無證據顯示係依結果選擇性挑選。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We analyzed the change from baseline in mean CSBMs per week during weeks 1 to 8 with a general linear model, with group and site as fixed effects and baseline CSBMs, age, and rescue medicine and other defecation aids used as covariates.以一般線性模型分析第1–8週每週平均 CSBM 自基線之變化,組別與院所為固定效應,基線 CSBM、年齡、救援藥物及其他輔助為共變數。
- 理由:分析方法(含共變數)於統計分析計畫事先指定並做了預設的多重插補與 pattern-mixture 敏感度分析,無證據顯示係從多種分析中依結果選擇性報告。