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COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀

中西醫結合 vs 西醫 總有效率

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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
設計為個體隨機平行組開放標籤試驗(60 名糖尿病乾眼症患者,隨機分為西醫人工淚液對照組與中西醫結合試驗組,療程 3 個月,無洗脫期/交叉)。主要結局取治療 3 個月後之臨床總有效率組間比較(85.00% vs 51.67%)。隨機化:僅稱「randomly assigned」、無序列產生與分配隱匿之任何描述(1.1、1.2 均 NI),基線有報告的四項發炎因子組間無顯著差異、人數相等(1.3 PN),此域偏誤傾向為 some concerns 至存疑。偏離介入:完全未盲、病人與施治者皆知分組(2.1、2.2 Y),未見因試驗情境而生的偏離;分析面未聲明 ITT,且方法學提及會扣除「無完整資料/因副作用退出」者、無流程圖與排除人數(2.6、2.7 NI),此域有實質偏誤疑慮。缺失資料:療效表呈現完整 N、未報告實際退出(3.1 PY),偏誤風險較低但人數帳目不透明。結局測量:主要結局為主觀之症狀問卷導向療效分級,開放標籤下病人即評估者、且對中藥加療抱有明顯期待,評估很可能受知情影響(4.3 Y、4.4/4.5 PY),此域為本結局最主要的偏誤來源,傾向 high。選擇性報告:無事前計畫可佐證(5.1 NI),但主要結局為單一預定指標(5.2、5.3 PN;另註引言五項發炎因子僅報四項之次要結局選擇性報告疑慮)。整體而言,本主要結局(主觀總有效率)在完全未盲、缺乏隨機化與分析細節的情況下,偏誤傾向偏高,主要受結局測量(未盲的主觀評估)與偏離介入(ITT 不明)兩域驅動。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)

Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns

偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?

Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:High

偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?

Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low

偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?

Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High

偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?

Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns

偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
本評讀依 Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) 工具,針對「單一結果 × 單一效應」評估。限制:僅依論文全文判讀(無完整研究計畫書/統計分析計畫),故 Domain 5(選擇性報告)常為「資訊不足」。AI 僅回答訊號問題,domain 與 overall 由官方決策表程式計算。