COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
治療有效率(反應者比率,第16週)
← 回到「消化不良」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為三中心、雙臂、單盲之隨機對照試驗,採變動區塊隨機並依年齡與PDS病程分層,分配碼以遠端方式取得並由獨立公司監督,隨機化與分配隱匿充分,基線兩組相當。受試者、結果評估者與統計人員均設盲,惟施針者因可辨別真假穴而未設盲,但兩組以相同協定執行、禁用合併藥物,無因試驗情境而生之協定偏離;主要分析採完整意向治療族群(各100人),分析方法適當。第24週追蹤完成率98%、失訪僅2%,缺失資料偏誤風險低。本反應者結果為病人自評之主觀指標,雖受試者已設盲並安排盲性驗證,自評仍存可能受分組認知影響的疑慮,惟無證據顯示確實發生。結果選擇性報告方面有預先發表之研究計畫書、主要結果與分析皆預先界定且一致報告,偏誤風險低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization sequence was generated by with changing block size (4, 8, 12) and stratified by age and duration of PDS.隨機分配序列以變動區塊大小(4、8、12)產生,並依年齡與PDS病程分層。
- 理由:明確採用變動區塊大小之隨機序列並分層,屬含隨機成分之適當序列產生方法,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A study investigator acquired randomization code by cellphone texts, online registration or phone calls. The whole randomization process was supervised by the Brightech Magnsoft Data Services Company.研究人員透過手機簡訊、線上登錄或電話取得隨機分配碼,整個隨機分配過程由 Brightech Magnsoft 資料服務公司監督。
- 理由:採遠端/中央式分配(簡訊、線上、電話取碼)並由獨立資料服務公司監督,分配序列在納入與指派前對招募者隱匿,符合分配隱匿要求,故答 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Age, y, mean (SD) 38.7 (15.1) ... 38.2 (15.5); Female, n (%) 70 (70) ... 65 (65); Leeds dyspepsia questionnaire, mean (SD) 7.7 (3.9) ... 6.9 (3.0)年齡平均38.7(15.1)對38.2(15.5);女性70(70%)對65(65%);LDQ基線7.7(3.9)對6.9(3.0)。
- 理由:兩組各100人、基線人口學與疾病特徵(年齡、性別、BMI、病程、LDQ、NDI)大致相當,無不相容於機遇之失衡,未顯示隨機化過程出問題,故答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A 24-week, 2-arm, single-blind, randomized controlled trial ... The participants were informed that they would receive one of the two acupuncture treatments ... it was advantageous in maintaining blinding.為24週、雙臂、單盲之隨機對照試驗;受試者被告知將接受兩種針灸治療之一,此法有助於維持盲性。
- 理由:真針與假針採相同針數、相同30分鐘療程,受試者被告知兩種療法皆有效且常用,受試者對自身分組設盲,故答 N(未察覺分組)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The acupuncturists were not blinded, since they could easily differentiate authentic points from sham points.施針者並未設盲,因為他們能輕易區辨真穴與假穴。
- 理由:論文明言施針者(介入提供者)未設盲、可區辨真假穴位,故照護/施治人員察覺分組,答 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients were not allowed to take antacids (PPIs and H2 blockers), prokinetic agents, medications for eradication of H. pylori, or herbs for relieving dyspeptic symptoms during the study period.研究期間禁止使用制酸劑(PPI與H2受體拮抗劑)、促動力藥、根除幽門桿菌藥物或緩解消化不良之中草藥。
- 理由:施針者雖未設盲,但兩組以相同協定執行、明文禁用合併藥物,且無證據顯示因試驗情境而出現偏離協定之介入或非協定介入,故答 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All the analyses were performed on the basis of intention-to-treat population. ... Intention-to-treat population n = 100 ... n = 100所有分析皆以意向治療族群為基礎進行;意向治療族群兩組各100人。
- 理由:主要結果採意向治療分析、兩組各100位隨機分配者全數納入,符合 ITT 原則,屬適當分析,故答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Two hundred patients were included, of which 196 (98%) completed follow-up data at week 24. ... the total rate of lost to follow-up was 2%.共納入200位患者,其中196位(98%)完成第24週追蹤資料;失訪總比率為2%。
- 理由:98%完成追蹤、失訪僅2%,幾乎所有隨機分配者皆有結果資料,且分析採多重插補納入全體,故答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the adequate relief was defined as complete absence or significant improvement of postprandial fullness, upper abdominal discomfort or early satiation (with a score from 80 to 100 mm in the visual analog scale).症狀充分緩解定義為餐後飽脹、上腹不適或早飽之完全消失或明顯改善(視覺類比量表80至100 mm)。
- 理由:反應者比率以預先界定之自評量表(5級分類+VAS)量測,為功能性消化不良常用且合宜之症狀評估方法,故答 N(量測方法非不適當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was assessed in every visit (from week 4 to week 24) ... Outcome assessors who were blinded from group assignment collected data through a set of predefined questions.主要結果於每次訪視(第4至24週)以相同預設問題評估,且由設盲之結果評估者收集資料。
- 理由:兩組以相同量表、相同時間點、相同預設問題量測結果,無組間量測或確認方式之系統差異,故答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The assessment of the dyspeptic symptoms was based on a global self-assessment of the improvement ... We used a visual analog scale (from 0 to 100 mm)消化不良症狀之評估係根據受試者對改善之整體自評,並使用0至100 mm之視覺類比量表。
- 理由:此為病人自評結果,結果評估者即受試者本人;雖受試者對分組設盲(2.1為N),但 RoB 2 規定病人自評結果之評估者即病人,仍須在 4.4/4.5 評估其報告是否受影響,故 4.3 答 Y。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The assessment of the dyspeptic symptoms was based on a global self-assessment of the improvement of postprandial fullness, upper abdominal discomfort, and early satiation.消化不良症狀之評估係根據受試者對餐後飽脹、上腹不適與早飽改善之整體自評。
- 理由:為主觀之病人自評結果,原則上可能受對所受介入之認知影響,故答 Y。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants were informed that they would receive one of the two acupuncture treatments; one followed the style of traditional Chinese medicine, and the other one did not, but it was equally effective according to previous studies. ... it was advantageous in maintaining blinding.受試者被告知將接受兩種針灸之一,一種依傳統中醫風格、另一種不依,但依先前研究兩者同樣有效;此法有助於維持盲性。
- 理由:受試者對分組設盲,且被告知兩種針灸皆有效、並安排盲性驗證(80位中結果報於補充材料),降低自評受分組認知左右的可能;無強烈證據顯示自評實際受影響,故答 N(評定為僅 some concerns 而非 high)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:We studied refractory FD instead of FD as after publishing the protocol, because we found that studies for refractory FD are more urgently needed in guiding clinical practice (Figure 1).本試驗已發表研究計畫書;研究團隊於計畫書發表後將對象由FD改為難治型FD。
- 理由:本試驗有預先發表之研究計畫書(BMJ Open 2013),主要結果(第16週症狀完全消失)與反應者分析在方法中明訂,主要分析計畫看似於取得非盲資料前已確立,故判斷答 PY(雖無法逐項比對 SAP 之確切定版日期,仍有計畫書佐證)。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was complete absence of dyspeptic symptoms at 16 weeks after initiation of treatment (week 16). ... responder rate and adverse events were assessed from week 4 to week 24.主要結果為治療起始後第16週之消化不良症狀完全消失;反應者比率與不良事件於第4至24週評估。
- 理由:本評估之反應者比率(充分緩解)係預先界定之次要結果,第16週為預設主要時間點、各時間點皆完整報告,未見從多個量測中擇優選報,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We used the chi-square test to compare the rate of patients achieving the primary outcome between the two groups at week 16 ... All the analyses were performed on the basis of intention-to-treat population. We ran sensitivity analyses以卡方檢定比較兩組第16週達主要結果之比率;所有分析以意向治療族群為基礎,並執行敏感度分析。
- 理由:分析方法(卡方檢定、ITT族群、敏感度分析)於方法中預先載明並一致報告,未見從多種分析中依結果擇優選報,故答 PN。