COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
WOMAC 總分(3 個月失能)
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 4 結局測量:High(高風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
設計為多中心、平行組、單盲隨機對照試驗(非交叉),主要結局為病人自填的 WOMAC 總分(相關失能)於治療後 3 個月的組間比較,效果採指派效果(ITT)。隨機面:電腦亂數表+依序編號密封不透光信封隱匿分配、基線均衡,偏誤風險低。偏離介入面:病人與施治者因無法設盲而知情,但兩組治療次數均衡、無因試驗情境而生的協定外偏離,且明確採 ITT(EM 估補)分析,就指派效果而言偏誤低。缺失資料面:3 個月追蹤率 97%(僅 3 vs 4 人流失、兩組均衡),偏誤低。結局測量面:WOMAC 量表適當且兩組一致,但屬主觀病人報告結局,病人為評估者且未盲化、對照組無假針,評分很可能受知情與安慰劑期待影響,為本結局主要偏誤來源(傾向高風險)。選擇性報告面:前瞻性註冊、主要結局與 ITT ANCOVA 分析與事前一致,偏誤低。整體而言,本結局的偏誤傾向主要由未盲的主觀病人報告結局(無假針對照)所驅動,整體偏誤風險偏高。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Concealed allocation was conducted using a computer-generated randomized table of numbers created by a statistician who was not otherwise involved in the trial and did not participate in analysis or interpretation of the results.分配隱匿是以一位未參與試驗、且不參與結果分析或詮釋的統計師所產生的電腦隨機亂數表來進行。
- 理由:序列由電腦產生的隨機亂數表建立,屬明確的隨機成分,故答是。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Individual and sequentially numbered index cards with the random assignment were prepared for each of the 18 data collection sites. The index cards were folded and placed in sealed opaque envelopes... the treating therapist opened the envelope and proceeded with treatment according to the group assignment.為 18 個資料收集點各準備了個別且依序編號、載有隨機分配的索引卡;卡片折疊後置於密封不透光信封中……施治治療師打開信封後依組別分配進行治療。
- 理由:採依序編號、密封、不透光信封,且由被隱匿於基線檢查的施治者開封後才給予分配,符合分配隱匿的最低標準,故答是。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization resulted in similar baseline characteristics for all variables (Table 1).隨機化使兩組所有變項的基線特徵相近(表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 顯示性別、年齡、體重、病程、各 WOMAC 分項與總分等基線在兩組高度相近,無暗示隨機出問題的失衡,故答否。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入的本質,無法對病人或施治治療師設盲。
- 理由:本試驗為單盲,僅評估者盲化;電乾針組會實際接受針刺與電刺激(並產生痠脹、瘀青等特異副作用),對照組無假針,病人知道自己屬哪一組,故答是。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入的本質,無法對病人或施治治療師設盲。
- 理由:施治治療師開封後依組別施予介入、且親自執行乾針,必然知道分組,故答是。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:There was no significant difference (P=0.468) between the mean number of completed treatment sessions for the MT, exercise plus electrical dry needling group (mean, 8.7±1.8) and the MT and exercise group (mean, 8.9±1.9).電乾針+徒手+運動組(平均 8.7±1.8 次)與徒手+運動組(平均 8.9±1.9 次)完成的平均治療次數無顯著差異(P=0.468)。
- 理由:兩組完成治療次數相近、無證據顯示因試驗情境而產生偏離協定的介入或未依協定執行,故答可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software... and it was conducted according to intention-to-treat analysis... Intention-to-treat analysis was performed by using expectation-maximization whereby missing data were computed using regression equations.統計分析以 SPSS 進行……並依意向治療分析執行;意向治療分析以期望最大化法(EM)藉迴歸方程式估補缺失資料。
- 理由:明確採意向治療(ITT)分析、依隨機分組分析所有受試者並以 EM 估補缺失值,屬估計指派效果的適當分析,故答是。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:In total, 235 of the 242 patients completed all outcome measures through 3 months (97% follow-up).242 位病人中共 235 位(97% 追蹤率)完成至 3 個月的所有結局量測。
- 理由:主要結局 3 個月時有 97% 受試者具實測資料(僅 7 人流失),屬幾乎全部可得,故答是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The WOMAC is a valid and reliable instrument and has been used extensively to evaluate 3 dimensions (pain, stiffness, and physical function) in patients with hip or knee OA.WOMAC 為效度與信度良好的工具,已廣泛用於評估髖或膝骨關節炎病人的疼痛、僵硬與身體功能三個面向。
- 理由:WOMAC 為評估膝 OA 相關失能的既定效信度量表,量測方法適當,故答否。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was related-disability as assessed with the WOMAC total index score... at baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months following the initial treatment session.主要結局為以 WOMAC 總指數分數評估的相關失能……於基線、2 週、6 週與首次治療後 3 個月量測。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、相同時間點自填量測,量測方法與時機一致,故答可能否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入的本質,無法對病人或施治治療師設盲。
- 理由:WOMAC 為病人自填結局,結局評估者即病人本人;病人未被盲化、知道自己是否接受乾針,故評估者知情,答是。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入的本質,無法對病人或施治治療師設盲。
- 理由:WOMAC(疼痛/僵硬/功能自評)屬主觀病人報告結局,病人知情可能影響其自我評分,故答可能是。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:In addition, we did not include a dry needling placebo group; which should be included in future studies.此外,我們未納入乾針安慰劑組,未來研究應納入。
- 理由:對照組僅接受徒手+運動、無假針對照,實驗組額外接受可感知的針刺/電刺激(產生得氣感與痠脹瘀青等特異反應),病人對針刺療效常抱有強烈期待;作者亦自承缺安慰針組。此類主觀病人報告結局在未盲且無假針情境下,評分很可能受知情與安慰劑期待影響,故答可能是。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Prospectively registered February 10, 2015 on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02373631)... The primary outcome was related-disability as assessed by the WOMAC... at 3 months.於 2015 年 2 月 10 日在 ClinicalTrials.gov 前瞻性註冊(NCT02373631)……主要結局為以 WOMAC 評估、於 3 個月時的相關失能。
- 理由:試驗於招募前前瞻性註冊、明訂主要結局為 3 個月 WOMAC,且報告採預先聲明的 ITT ANCOVA 分析,結果與註冊一致;雖未見完整統計分析計畫全文,但主要結局與分析與事前註冊相符,故答可能是。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was related-disability as assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index at 3 months.主要結局為以 WOMAC 骨關節炎指數評估、於 3 個月時的相關失能。
- 理由:主要結局(量表 WOMAC 總分、時間點 3 個月)於方法與註冊中單一明訂並完整報告,非從多個量測中依結果挑選,故答可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The effects of treatment on pain, stiffness, physical function, and related-disability were each examined with a 2-by-4 mixed-model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)... adjusted for baseline data.對疼痛、僵硬、身體功能與相關失能的療效各以 2×4 混合模型共變數分析(ANCOVA)、調整基線資料後檢定。
- 理由:主要結局採單一預先指定的 ANCOVA(調整基線、group×time 交互作用)分析並完整報告,無證據顯示自多種分析中依結果挑選,故答可能否。