COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
SABA(salbutamol)使用劑量
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Equal allocation randomization into either Chinese herbal medicine formula or placebo interventions, stratified by centers, was performed using computerized by PROCPLAN of the analysis system of SAS (Version 6.12 for Windows) and stratified by the seven centers.以中藥複方或安慰劑進行等比例隨機分配,依中心分層,使用 SAS 分析系統(Windows 版 6.12)之 PROC PLAN 以電腦化方式產生,並依七個中心分層。
- 理由:明確使用 SAS PROC PLAN 電腦化產生隨機序列,含隨機成分,屬適當的隨機分配序列產生方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Allocation sequence was placed in a sealed envelope and study investigators and patients were blinded to treatment allocation.分配序列置於密封信封中,研究者與病人皆對治療分組設盲。
- 理由:使用密封信封並對研究者與病人設盲;雖未明述信封是否不透光、依序編號、不可逆指派等細節,但配合電腦化中央化分層隨機與外觀近乎相同的安慰劑顆粒(藥盒/藥品設計使分組難以辨識),合理判斷分配在納入與指派前獲適當隱匿,故判 PY。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Subjects in both groups were comparable with respect to baseline demographic, asthma characteristics, baseline PEF and co-morbid diseases.兩組在基線人口學、氣喘特徵、基線 PEF 及共病方面相當。
- 理由:Table 2 各基線變項組間 P 值皆遠大於 0.05,組別人數(139 vs 143)接近 1:1,無任何提示隨機過程出問題的不平衡,故判 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:This proof-of-concept study consisted of a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial ... the color appearance, dissolved color, taste and smell for the placebo were almost similar to the PCYQ granule as the intervention.本概念驗證研究為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗……安慰劑在外觀顏色、溶解後顏色、味道與氣味皆與作為介入的 PCYQ 顆粒幾乎相同。
- 理由:雙盲設計,病人設盲,且安慰劑顆粒外觀、味道、氣味與中藥幾乎相同,病人難以察覺自己分到哪一組;無報告組別特異的不良反應致解盲,故判病人未知曉分組(N)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:study investigators and patients were blinded to treatment allocation.研究者與病人皆對治療分組設盲。
- 理由:雙盲試驗,研究者(含給藥與評估者)對分組設盲,且安慰劑與中藥外觀味道近乎相同;分配以密封信封隱匿,給藥/照護人員亦難知曉分組,故判 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary and secondary efficacy measures were evaluated by using the intention-to-treat (ITT) population analysis.主要與次要療效指標皆以意向治療(ITT)族群分析評估。
- 理由:SABA 劑量屬次要療效指標,明確採 ITT 族群分析;分析依隨機分組進行,未排除隨機後符合資格者(僅排除無足夠日誌資料者,屬無結果資料而非以治療分組),符合估計指派效果的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Thus, 300 patients underwent randomization at seven sites, of whom 282 provided sufficient data in the asthma diaries and entered into the analysis of the ITT population.因此 300 名病人於七個中心接受隨機分配,其中 282 名於氣喘日誌提供足夠資料並進入 ITT 族群分析。
- 理由:隨機 300 人,ITT 分析納入 282 人(PCYQ 139、安慰劑 143),缺失 18 人(約 6%);兩組退出人數相近(30 vs 20,主因失訪),故大多數受試者皆有結果資料,判 PN。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The rate of adherence to study medication was 98.56% for Chinese herbal medicine formula and 99.31% for placebo.對研究藥物的服藥順從率,中藥組為 98.56%、安慰劑組為 99.31%。
- 理由:缺失比例低(約 6%)、兩組相近,主要為失訪;在雙盲下兩組順從率皆高且相當,SABA 為每日自記日誌之指標,缺失與否不太可能與真實結果強相關,合理判斷結果不致受缺失資料偏倚(PY)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Participants conducted PEF monitoring at morning and evening by themselves ... and recorded the PEF data before as-needed inhalation of SABA in the daily asthma diary. The secondary outcomes included dosage of SABA as needed during the study period受試者自行於早晚監測 PEF……並在每日氣喘日誌中記錄依需要吸入 SABA 之前的資料;次要結果包含研究期間依需要使用 SABA 的劑量。
- 理由:SABA 噴吸次數以客觀的吸入器使用次數計量、由病人自記於日誌;屬可明確界定的計數型指標,量測方法在雙盲下對兩組相同,非主觀評分,量測方法本身不致引入偏倚,判 PN。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:all participants were asked to maintain their controller medications and receive inhaled short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) ... as needed in self-management.所有受試者皆維持控制藥物並依自我管理需要使用 SABA。
- 理由:SABA 為依需要自行使用、由病人記錄;量測方式(日誌記錄)兩組一致,無證據顯示量測或記錄方式因組別而異,故判 PN。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:study investigators and patients were blinded to treatment allocation.研究者與病人皆對治療分組設盲。
- 理由:SABA 由病人自行記錄,等同病人即為結果評估者;病人在雙盲下設盲,故結果評估者知曉分組之情形不成立,判 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:報告提及試驗已於 ISRCTN61674768 註冊、SABA 為預先指定的次要結果,但未提供可取得的試驗計畫書/分析計畫以核對結果指標與分析(如效應量、子群、時點)是否完全依事前規定報告,故缺乏資訊判定選擇性報告,判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The secondary outcomes included dosage of SABA as needed during the study period次要結果包含研究期間依需要使用的 SABA 劑量。
- 理由:SABA 劑量為事前指定之次要結果,報告逐日(第 1–6 天)列出兩組 puffs 與 P 值並另報每週總量 AUC,無證據顯示是從多種量測中擇優呈現,故判依結果擇取量測之情形低(PN)。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The area of under cure (AUC) analysis for SABA showed no statistical differences for the total puffs of SABA within one week of the treatment between the two groups (10 (4, 16) vs. 8 (3, 12) puffs/week, P = 0.101).SABA 的曲線下面積(AUC)分析顯示,一週內 SABA 總噴吸次數兩組無統計差異(10(4,16)vs 8(3,12)次/週,P = 0.101)。
- 理由:作者同時報告逐日顯著(多日 P<0.05)與一週總量不顯著(P=0.101)兩種分析,並坦言差異未達最小重要臨床變化,呈現方式不偏向僅選顯著結果;無證據顯示係從多種效應估計中擇取後產生,判 PN。