COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
晨起第一步痛(NPRS),3個月
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 4 結局測量:High(高風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為隨機、單盲(評估者盲)、多中心、平行組試驗,主要結局為晨起第一步足跟疼痛(NPRS 0-10)於 3 個月的組間比較,加電乾針組明顯優於單純物理治療組(組間差 -2.2,P<0.001,大效果量 SMD 0.85)。隨機面:電腦亂數表由獨立統計師產生、依序編號密封不透光信封隱匿、基線均衡,偏誤風險低。缺失資料面:111 人於各追蹤時點全數可分析、零失訪,並採 ITT 分析,偏誤風險低。偏離介入面:病人與施治者無法盲化(無假針),但兩組治療次數相當、無情境性偏離、採 ITT,主要疑慮有限。選擇性報告面:試驗前瞻註冊、主要結局預先指定、單一 ANCOVA 並做多重比較校正,風險低。最大偏誤來源在結局測量:主要結局為病人自填的主觀疼痛,病人未盲化且加療組接受明顯的額外積極治療(多數伴痠痛/瘀血),在無假針對照下自填評分很可能受知情期望影響。整體偏誤傾向由測量域(Domain 4)主導。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:concealed allocation was conducted using a computer-generated randomized table of numbers created by a statistician who was not otherwise involved in the trial and did not participate in analysis or interpretation of the results.分配隱匿是使用由一位未參與試驗、也未參與結果分析或詮釋的統計師所產生的電腦亂數表來執行。
- 理由:序列由電腦亂數表產生,屬含隨機成分的方法,且由獨立統計師製作。判 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Individual and sequentially numbered index cards with the random assignment were prepared for each of the 10 data collection sites. The index cards were folded and placed in sealed opaque envelopes. Blinded to the baseline examination, the treating therapist opened the envelope and proceeded with treatment according to the group assignment.為 10 個資料收集點各自準備了個別且依序編號、載明隨機分配的卡片。卡片折疊後放入密封不透光信封。施治治療師在對基線評估盲化的情況下打開信封,依組別分配進行治療。
- 理由:採依序編號、密封、不透光信封,且施治者對基線評估盲化、於納入後才開封,符合適當隱匿標準。判 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization resulted in similar baseline characteristics for all variables (Table 1).隨機化後兩組所有變項的基線特徵相似(表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 顯示年齡、症狀病程、疼痛與功能量表等基線特徵兩組相近,組別人數 53 vs 58 亦與 1:1 分配相容,無暗示隨機出問題的失衡。判 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入措施的性質,無法對病人或施治治療師進行盲化。
- 理由:無假針對照,加療組多接受一項明顯的侵入性電乾針(且 67% 出現針後痠痛、26% 瘀血),病人明確知道自己分組。判 Y。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入措施的性質,無法對病人或施治治療師進行盲化。
- 理由:施治治療師需親自執行電乾針,必然知道分組。判 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:None of the participants in any group reported receiving other interventions during the study, excluding the use of NSAIDs, as needed and recorded. There was no significant difference (P = 0.432) between the mean number of completed treatment sessions for the manual therapy, exercise and ultrasound group (mean: 6.2) and the manual therapy, exercise and ultrasound plus electrical dry needling group (mean: 5.9).除依需要使用並有記錄的 NSAIDs 外,各組皆無受試者報告在研究期間接受其他介入。徒手+運動+超音波組(平均 6.2 次)與加電乾針組(平均 5.9 次)的完成治療次數平均值無顯著差異(P = 0.432)。
- 理由:兩組治療次數相當、無非計畫的介入,未見因試驗情境而生、且違反計畫的偏離。判 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 24.0 ... and it was conducted according to intention-to-treat analysis for patients in the group to which they were first allocated.統計分析使用 SPSS 24.0 版執行,並依意向治療(intention-to-treat)分析,將病人分析於其最初被分配的組別。
- 理由:明確採 ITT 分析,依原始指派組別分析,且無人失訪,屬適當估計指派效果的分析。判 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No patients were lost at any of the follow-up periods in either group. ... Available for 3-month FU n = 53 [and] n = 58.兩組在任何追蹤時點皆無病人失訪。⋯3 個月追蹤可分析者 n = 53(與)n = 58。
- 理由:隨機 111 人於 1 週、4 週、3 個月各時點全數可分析(流程圖 Fig 2),主要結局資料幾乎完整。判 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was first-step pain in the morning (when getting out of bed) as measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). ... The NPRS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess pain intensity.主要結局為晨起(下床時)第一步疼痛,以數字疼痛評分量表(NPRS)量測。⋯NPRS 是評估疼痛強度的可信且有效的工具。
- 理由:NPRS 為疼痛強度的標準、經驗證量表,量測方法本身適當、兩組一致。判 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients were asked to indicate the average intensity of first-step pain when getting out of bed in the morning over the past week using an 11-point scale ... at baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 3 months following the initial treatment session.病人被要求以 11 點量表指出過去一週晨起下床時第一步疼痛的平均強度,時點為基線、1 週、4 週及首次治療後 3 個月。
- 理由:兩組以相同的 NPRS 於相同時點量測,量測方法組間無差異。判 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入措施的性質,無法對病人或施治治療師進行盲化。
- 理由:主要結局為病人自填的第一步疼痛,結局評估者即病人本人;病人未盲化、知道自己是否接受電乾針。(施治的檢查臨床醫師雖對分組盲化,但主要結局非由其評估。)判 Y。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入措施的性質,無法對病人或施治治療師進行盲化。
- 理由:自填疼痛屬高度主觀結局,知情的病人對評分有可能受影響(尤其加療組接受額外的積極侵入性治療、易產生期望效應)。判 PY。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:based on the nature of the interventions it was not possible to blind patients or treating therapists.基於介入措施的性質,無法對病人或施治治療師進行盲化。
- 理由:無假針對照,加療組明確知道自己多接受一項有明顯感覺(多數出現痠痛/瘀血)的積極治療,對照組僅接受常規物理治療;在此強烈差別期望下,主觀自填疼痛的評估很可能受知情影響。判 PY。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the trial was prospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02373618). ... Among all outcomes included in the clinical trial registry, the primary outcome of the current trial was first-step pain during the morning as measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).本試驗有前瞻性註冊(ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02373618)。⋯在臨床試驗註冊所列的所有結局中,本試驗的主要結局為以 NPRS 量測的晨起第一步疼痛。
- 理由:試驗前瞻註冊,且明訂主要結局為第一步晨起疼痛,與所報告者一致,並採事前規劃的 ITT/ANCOVA 分析;惟無法完全確認完整統計計畫於解盲前定案。判 PY。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:the primary outcome of the current trial was first-step pain during the morning as measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS).本試驗的主要結局為以 NPRS 量測的晨起第一步疼痛。
- 理由:主要結局為單一預先指定的量測(第一步晨起疼痛 NPRS,固定時點),無從多個量測/子集/時點挑選的跡象。判 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The effects of treatment on first-step pain intensity ... were each examined with a 2-by-4 mixed-model analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) ... For each ANCOVA, the main hypothesis of interest was the 2-way interaction (group by time) with a Bonferroni-corrected alpha of 0.0125 (4 time points).第一步疼痛強度等的治療效果各以 2×4 混合模型共變數分析(ANCOVA)檢定⋯每個 ANCOVA 的主要假設為組別×時間的二因子交互作用,並以 Bonferroni 校正後 alpha 0.0125(4 個時點)。
- 理由:以單一事前指定的 ANCOVA 模型分析,並對多時點做 Bonferroni 校正,無從多種分析中挑選有利結果的跡象。判 PN。