COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
GERDQ 分數
← 回到「胃食道逆流」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 2 偏離預定介入:High(高風險)
- -Domain 3 缺失結局資料:High(高風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為單中心、隨機、雙盲、雙安慰劑對照試驗,以 SAS 區塊隨機化由生物統計師產生序列、真假藥外觀一致並由臨床藥師集中管理,隨機化與盲性面向風險低。GERDQ 為病人自陳結局,受試者盲性下測量偏誤風險低。主要疑慮在於分析與缺失資料:論文雖自稱 ITT,實際僅分析完成者(90 名隨機分派中排除 13 名退出者,僅分析 77/90),並非真正的意向治療分析,故 2.6 判為很可能否、2.7 因排除比例達 14.4% 且兩組不對等(CG 8 vs TG 5)而判為是。退出原因包含胃酸逆流惡化、上腹痛等與結局相關之症狀,缺失可能取決於結局真實值(Domain 3 為疑慮層級),且未做任何插補或敏感度分析校正。整體而言,此研究在偏離既定介入(分析)與缺失結局資料兩域存在偏誤疑慮,主因為宣稱 ITT 但實為完成者分析。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Random numbers were generated using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina) through block randomization with block sizes of 2 and 4 performed by a biostatistician at the Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taiwan.以 SAS 9.4 版產生隨機亂數,採用區塊大小為 2 與 4 的區塊隨機化,由中國醫藥大學生物統計研究所的生物統計師執行。
- 理由:由生物統計師以 SAS 軟體產生亂數、採區塊隨機化,明確含隨機成分,故配置序列為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Random numbers were generated using SAS version 9.4 ... performed by a biostatistician ... The WCYT placebo was made from starch ... and was sealed inside identical foil sachets. The WCYT and the WCYT placebo did not differ in their appearance. ... Both omeprazole capsules and omeprazole placebo were placed into capsules ... did not differ in their appearance.亂數由生物統計師以 SAS 產生……吳茱萸湯安慰劑以澱粉製成、封入外觀相同的鋁箔袋,真假藥外觀無異;歐美拉唑與其安慰劑亦裝入外觀相同膠囊。
- 理由:本試驗為雙盲雙安慰劑設計,序列由獨立生物統計師產生、藥品由獨立藥廠製作並由臨床藥師於專用藥局管理,真假藥外觀一致。雖未明文描述配置隱蔽機制、且區塊小(2/4)理論上末位可被預測,但在第三方產生序列+藥師集中發藥+雙盲的脈絡下,配置在分派前被預知的可能性低,判為很可能已隱蔽。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The baseline patient characteristics of gender, age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, late night eating, headache, dizziness, neck and shoulder pain, sleepiness, chest tightness, palpitations, flatulence, and dysmenorrhea were not significantly different between CG and TG groups (all p > 0.05; Table 1). ... The baseline (V1) GERDQ score was not significantly different between CG and TG groups (p = 0.07).兩組基線在性別、年齡、抽菸、飲酒、宵夜、頭痛、頭暈、肩頸痛、嗜睡、胸悶、心悸、脹氣、經痛等特徵皆無顯著差異(p 均 > 0.05);基線 GERDQ 分數兩組亦無顯著差異(p = 0.07)。
- 理由:各項基線特徵與基線 GERDQ 分數兩組皆無顯著差異,未見提示隨機化出問題的不平衡。惟須留意基線表呈現的人數為完成者(n=37/40)而非全部隨機分派者,但在此資料下無不平衡跡象,故判為很可能無問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The present study was designed as a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ... The WCYT and the WCYT placebo did not differ in their appearance. ... The omeprazole and the omeprazole placebo did not differ in their appearance.本研究為單中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照設計;吳茱萸湯與其安慰劑外觀無異,歐美拉唑與其安慰劑外觀亦無異。
- 理由:採雙盲雙安慰劑設計,兩組真假藥外觀一致,參與者應無法得知所分派的介入,故參與者很可能不知曉分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The present study was designed as a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ... Both omeprazole capsules and omeprazole placebo were placed into capsules made by TTY Biopharm Co. Ltd. The omeprazole and the omeprazole placebo did not differ in their appearance.本研究為單中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照設計;歐美拉唑與安慰劑裝入外觀相同膠囊,外觀無異。
- 理由:雙盲設計且真假藥外觀一致,照護者與給藥人員很可能亦無法辨識分組。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The analysis principle in the present study used intention-to-treat analysis to reduce noncompliance bias. ... Therefore, 77 patients (37 patient in CG, 40 patients in TG) completed the trial. ... Statistical analysis Control group (37 patients); Treatment group (40 patients).本研究分析原則宣稱採意向治療(ITT)分析以降低不順從偏誤……結果 77 名(CG 37、TG 40)完成試驗;統計分析納入 CG 37 人、TG 40 人。
- 理由:論文雖自稱 ITT,但主要結局(GERDQ)實際只分析完成者:90 名隨機分派者中排除 13 名退出者(CG 8、TG 5),僅 77/90 進入分析,基線與結果表人數均為 37/40。此為排除隨機分派後合格受試者的分析,並非真正 ITT,故為很可能未採適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Eight patients in the CG were withdrawn due to being lost to follow-up (2 patients), withdrawn consent (1 patient), abdominal pain (1 patient), epigastric pain (2 patients), elevated baseline SGOT and SGPT levels (1 patient), and worsening of acid reflux (1 patient). Five patients were withdrawn in the TG due to withdrawn consent (2 patients), epigastric pain (1 patient), bitter taste (1 patient), and fever sensation (1 patient).CG 有 8 人退出(失追蹤 2、撤回同意 1、腹痛 1、上腹痛 2、基線 SGOT/SGPT 升高 1、胃酸逆流惡化 1);TG 有 5 人退出(撤回同意 2、上腹痛 1、苦味 1、發熱感 1)。
- 理由:被排除分析者達 13/90(約 14.4%),且兩組不對等(CG 8 vs TG 5),多項退出原因(胃酸逆流惡化、上腹痛、腹痛)與結局本身相關。此排除比例與性質足以對效果估計產生實質影響。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Therefore, 77 patients (37 patient in CG, 40 patients in TG) completed the trial (Fig. 3). ... The patients were randomly assigned to CG or TG with each group having 45 patients.90 名隨機分派(每組 45 名),最終 77 名(CG 37、TG 40)完成試驗,亦即僅這 77 名有結局資料納入分析。
- 理由:90 名隨機分派者中僅 77 名(85.6%)有 GERDQ 結局資料納入分析,13 名退出者無結局資料。連續型結局通常需約 95% 才足夠,本試驗缺失達 14.4%,故並非幾乎全部受試者皆有資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The analysis principle in the present study used intention-to-treat analysis to reduce noncompliance bias.本研究分析原則宣稱以 ITT 分析降低不順從偏誤。
- 理由:雖宣稱 ITT,但實際僅分析完成者,未報告任何插補、加權或敏感度分析以校正缺失結局造成的偏誤,無證據顯示結果未受缺失資料影響。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The first, second, and third assessments included the Taiwan versions of the RDQ and the GERDQ ... The primary outcome measurement was the changes of both RDQ and GERDQ scores.三次評估皆採台灣版 RDQ 與 GERDQ,主要結局為兩量表分數變化。GERDQ 為國際公認的胃食道逆流症狀量表。
- 理由:GERDQ 為已驗證的胃食道逆流症狀問卷,用以測量 GERD 症狀屬適當方法,並非不適當的測量工具。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The first assessment (V1) was performed before omeprazole or WCYT administration, second assessment (V2) at 28 ± 5 days ... and third assessment (V3) at 56 ± 5 days after omeprazole or WCYT administration. The first, second, and third assessments included the Taiwan versions of the RDQ and the GERDQ.三次評估(V1 給藥前、V2 第 28±5 天、V3 第 56±5 天)兩組皆以相同台灣版 GERDQ、於相同時點施測。
- 理由:兩組以相同量表、相同時點測量 GERDQ,測量方法在組間一致,無不同之虞。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The present study was designed as a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ... The WCYT and the WCYT placebo did not differ in their appearance.本研究為雙盲雙安慰劑設計,真假藥外觀一致;GERDQ 為病人自填量表,結局評估者即參與者本人。
- 理由:GERDQ 屬參與者自陳結局,評估者即為受試者本人;在雙盲雙安慰劑下受試者不知分組,故結局評估者對所受介入應為盲性。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of China Medical University Hospital (Approval number: CMUH102-REC2-011) and ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration number: NCT01822106).試驗經中國醫藥大學附設醫院倫理委員會核准並登錄 ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT01822106)。
- 理由:雖有試驗登錄與倫理核准號,但未取得在解盲前定稿的完整統計分析計畫原文可供比對,無法確認分析是否完全依事先計畫執行,故為無資訊。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary objective of this study was to assess whether WCYT improved Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ) and GERD Questionnaire scores (GERDQ) in patients with GERD. ... The primary outcome measurement was the changes of both RDQ and GERDQ scores.研究主要目的即評估吳茱萸湯能否改善 GERD 患者之 RDQ 與 GERDQ 分數;主要結局明定為兩量表分數變化。
- 理由:GERDQ 為事先指定的主要結局,三個時點(V1/V2/V3)皆完整報告,未見從多個量表或時點中擇優呈現的跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:To investigate the differences in baseline demographic characteristics and outcome variables between the two groups, the Chi-square test and Fisher's test were used for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.組間連續變項以 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定、類別變項以卡方/Fisher 檢定分析;GERDQ 完整報告各時點與差異值。
- 理由:分析方法單一且事先描述,GERDQ 之 V2、V3 及與基線差異皆完整呈現,未見從多種分析方式中擇優呈現的跡象。