COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
腿痛VAS(四週平均變化)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為單中心、平行組、穿透式假針對照的隨機對照試驗(46人,針灸23 vs 假針23)。主要結局=治療四週期間每週平均腿痛VAS較基線變化的組間差異(-7.28mm,95%CI -13.76~-0.80,P=0.029)。隨機化面向佳:電腦亂數+區塊隨機、密封不透明信封+獨立人員隱匿、基線無顯著差異。偏離介入(ITT效果):病人盲化成功(盲性評估P=0.832)、允許的止痛藥兩組皆無人使用,且採ITT分析全數納入,風險低;僅施針者必然知情屬設計本質、對指派效果影響有限。缺失資料少(4.3%,僅假針組2人因旅行/家庭退出)且以LOCF填補、與病情無關,風險低。結局測量:主要結局為病人自填VAS(病人即評估者),但病人盲化成功且評估者/統計師亦盲化,量表適當、兩組一致,風險低。選擇性報告:試驗事前註冊、主要結局明確且報告相符,惟未見完整統計分析計畫,整體傾向低風險。綜合而言本結局的偏誤傾向偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was conducted with a block size of four using a computerized random number generator by the Drug Clinical Trial Office affiliated with Guang'anmen Hospital.隨機分配以區塊大小為四、使用電腦化亂數產生器,由廣安門醫院所屬的藥物臨床試驗辦公室執行。
- 理由:明確使用電腦化亂數產生器(含區塊隨機化),屬含隨機成分的序列產生,故答是。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Random numbers and group assigned were kept in sealed opaque envelopes. A research assistant who was not involved in the intervention or assessment of the trial was in charge of the randomization.亂數與所分派組別存放於密封不透明信封中;由一位未參與試驗介入或評估的研究助理負責隨機化。
- 理由:使用密封不透明信封,且由不涉及介入或評估的獨立人員掌管,屬適當的分配隱匿,故答是。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No significant between-group difference was observed in the baseline characteristics of the 46 patients (Table 1).46名病人的基線特徵在兩組之間未觀察到顯著差異(表1)。
- 理由:兩組基線特徵(性別、年齡、BMI、病程、VAS、ODI、SF-36等)無顯著差異,無跡象顯示隨機化出問題,故答否。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded... The success of the blinding method was assessed by asking patients to guess... There was no statistical significance between the two groups in the success of blinding (P=0.832).病人、結局評估者與統計師均被盲化……盲性成功與否以請病人猜測其接受何種針灸來評估……兩組在盲性成功度上無統計顯著差異(P=0.832)。
- 理由:採穿透式假針對照(鈍頭針+泡棉墊),病人被盲化且盲性評估顯示兩組猜測比例相近、無顯著差異,代表病人多半無法辨別分組,故答可能否。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded... Procedures were similar with the acupuncture group but without skin penetration and manipulations to reach the de qi sensation.病人、結局評估者與統計師被盲化……(假針)程序與針灸組相似,但不穿透皮膚、也不施行達到得氣的手法。
- 理由:文中僅列病人、評估者、統計師盲化,未包含施針者;真針需穿透皮膚並操作至得氣、假針不穿透不操作,施針者必然知道所給介入,故答是。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:They were permitted to take analgesics, with details recorded in the case report form... no patients used analgesics during the study period.病人被允許服用止痛藥、細節記錄於病例報告表……研究期間無病人使用止痛藥。
- 理由:病人已成功盲化,依RoB2假設此時偏離不受試驗情境影響;且允許的共同用藥(止痛藥)實際無人使用,未見因試驗情境而生、違反計畫的偏離,故答可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Study data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Missing data were filled out by the last observed value... Included in intention-to-treat analysis (n=23) / (n=23).研究資料依意向治療原則分析;缺失值以最後觀察值填補……兩組皆納入意向治療分析(各n=23)。
- 理由:明確採ITT分析,兩組全部46名隨機分派者均納入(含2名退出者以LOCF填補),屬估計指派效果的適當分析,故答是。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Two patients in the sham acupuncture group dropped out (two of 46, 4.3%)... In total, 44 patients completed the study... Included in intention-to-treat analysis (n=23) / (n=23). Missing data were filled out by the last observed value.假針組有兩名病人退出(46人中2人,4.3%)……共44名病人完成研究……兩組各23人納入ITT分析;缺失值以最後觀察值填補。
- 理由:僅2/46(4.3%)退出(皆為假針組),且以LOCF填補、全數46名納入ITT分析,幾乎所有隨機分派者都有可分析的結局資料,故答是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change from baseline in mean weekly leg pain measured by the visual analog scale (VAS)... 0 mm represented no pain and 100 mm represented unbearable pain.主要結局為以視覺類比量表(VAS)量測之每週平均腿痛較基線的變化……0mm代表無痛、100mm代表無法忍受的疼痛。
- 理由:VAS是評估疼痛強度的標準且適當工具,量測方法本身不不當,故答否。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change from baseline in mean weekly leg pain measured by the visual analog scale (VAS).主要結局為以VAS量測之每週平均腿痛較基線的變化。
- 理由:兩組使用相同的VAS量測方式與時間點,組間量測方法一致,故答否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded... There was no statistical significance between the two groups in the success of blinding (P=0.832).病人、結局評估者與統計師被盲化……兩組在盲性成功度上無統計顯著差異(P=0.832)。
- 理由:主要結局為病人自填的VAS,評估者即病人本人;病人已被盲化且盲性評估顯示分組多不可辨,故結局評估者知情程度低,答可能否。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The study protocol was registered on the Acupuncture-Moxibustion Clinical Trial Registry (AMCTR)... registration number of AMCTR-IPR-17000107... The primary outcome was the change from baseline in mean weekly leg pain measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) over the four-week treatment period.研究計畫書已在針灸臨床試驗註冊庫(AMCTR)註冊,註冊號AMCTR-IPR-17000107……主要結局為治療四週期間每週平均腿痛VAS較基線之變化。
- 理由:試驗有事前註冊、主要結局明確界定且報告與之相符,樣本量計算亦以此主要結局為據,判斷結果大致依事前計畫分析,故答可能是(惟未見完整統計分析計畫,故非firm Y)。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change from baseline in mean weekly leg pain measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) over the four-week treatment period.主要結局為治療四週期間每週平均腿痛VAS較基線之變化。
- 理由:主要結局為單一預先界定之量表與量測窗(四週合併平均值),並如實報告,不像是從多個量測中挑選而來,故答可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:the between-group differences in VAS scores for leg pain... were analyzed using an independent t test or nonparametric test according to the normality.腿痛VAS的組間差異……依常態性以獨立t檢定或無母數檢定分析。
- 理由:採單一、依常態性事先決定的分析方法報告主要結局組間差異,未見從多種分析中擇優呈現的跡象,故答可能否。