COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
HbA1c(糖化血色素)
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照的試驗,隨機碼由獨立統計師以 SAS 產生、密封於不透明信封至試驗結束才解碼,基線無顯著失衡,隨機過程偏誤低。病人與給藥者皆盲、安慰劑外觀包裝一致,偏離既定介入的疑慮低。HbA1c 由實驗室 HPLC 客觀測定,測量偏誤低。對「分配至介入之效應(ITT)」而言,主要療效採符合方案分析、排除 5/46(約 11%,兩組 2 對 3)因不良事件退出者,並非適當的 ITT 分析(2.6 判 PN),但排除規模小且兩組相近、結果方向一致(組間 p=.008),不致實質改變結果(2.7 判 PN),此域為中度疑慮。缺失結果資料偏誤低(流失約 11%、兩組相當、原因與真值無關)。結果選擇報告方面,主要終點與分析方法事前一致指定,惟無法確認分析計畫是否於取得未盲化資料前定稿(5.1 判 NI)。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization codes were generated by an independent statistician using SAS software (version 9.2, Cary, NC, USA).隨機分組碼由一位獨立統計師使用 SAS 軟體(9.2 版)產生。
- 理由:由獨立統計師以 SAS 軟體電腦產生隨機碼,屬含隨機成分之序列產生方法,故判 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The random coding form was concealed in an opaque envelope after randomization. The envelope was not decoded until the end of the trial. Study drugs were provided based on the assigned numbers according to the visit sequence and study drug number sequence.隨機編碼表於隨機分組後密封於不透明信封內,直到試驗結束才解碼;研究藥物依分配編號及就診順序、藥物編號順序發放。
- 理由:隨機碼密封於不透明信封、試驗結束前不解碼,且由獨立統計師產生、藥物以編號發放,足以使分配序列在納入並指派介入前保持隱蔽,故判 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Based on the Mann–Whitney U test or Fisher's exact test, no significant differences were observed between the two groups at baseline with respect to anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical parameters (Table 2).依 Mann–Whitney U 檢定或 Fisher 精確檢定,兩組在人體測量、生化及臨床參數的基線特徵均無顯著差異(表 2)。
- 理由:隨機 23 比 23、分配比 1:1 對稱,基線各項(含 HbA1c,p=.19)皆無顯著差異,未見不符隨機之失衡,故判 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the trial, neither the clinicians nor the patients were aware of the grouping. The placebo was also prepared as granules by Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and the packaging of the placebo was identical to that of YH1.試驗期間臨床醫師與病人皆不知分組;安慰劑同由順天製藥製成顆粒,外包裝與 YH1 完全相同。
- 理由:安慰劑顆粒與外包裝與 YH1 一致、為雙盲設計,病人未察覺其分配,故判 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the trial, neither the clinicians nor the patients were aware of the grouping.試驗期間臨床醫師與病人皆不知分組。
- 理由:明確陳述臨床醫師對分組不知情,且安慰劑外觀包裝相同、分配以編號發放,照護與給藥人員未察覺分配,故判 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The efficacy analysis was based on the per-protocol analysis set of 41 subjects (21 in the YH1 group and 20 in the placebo group). ... Per-protocol analysis was applied to the final evaluation.療效分析以符合方案(per-protocol)集合的 41 位受試者為基礎(YH1 組 21 位、安慰劑組 20 位);最終評估採符合方案分析。
- 理由:主要療效(含 HbA1c)採符合方案分析,將隨機後因不良事件退出同意的 5 位受試者排除,屬意向治療之外的事後排除,對估計「分配至介入之效應」而言並非適當分析,故判 PN。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:After treatment, 5 subjects (2 in the YH1 group and 3 in the placebo group) withdrew consent during the trial because of adverse events and were thus excluded from the study (Fig 1). ... In the end, 41 subjects, including 21 in the YH1 group and 20 in the placebo group, completed the 12-week study.治療後共 5 位受試者(YH1 組 2 位、安慰劑組 3 位)因不良事件退出同意而被排除;最終 41 位(YH1 組 21、安慰劑組 20)完成 12 週試驗。
- 理由:排除人數為 5/46(約 11%),兩組相近(2 對 3),結果方向強烈一致(HbA1c 組間 p=.008),此規模的事後排除不致使結果方向逆轉或實質改變,故對結果無實質影響,判 PN。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:After treatment, 5 subjects (2 in the YH1 group and 3 in the placebo group) withdrew consent during the trial because of adverse events and were thus excluded from the study ... Analyzed (n = 21) ... Analyzed (n = 20).治療後 5 位受試者因不良事件退出而被排除;分析人數 YH1 組 21、安慰劑組 20。
- 理由:本結果僅就 41/46 位(約 89%)隨機受試者有資料,5 位退出者無 HbA1c 結果,並非「全部或幾乎全部」,故判 PN。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:After treatment, 5 subjects (2 in the YH1 group and 3 in the placebo group) withdrew consent during the trial because of adverse events and were thus excluded from the study (Fig 1).5 位(YH1 組 2、安慰劑組 3)因不良事件退出,兩組流失人數相近。
- 理由:流失比例低(約 11%)且兩組相當(2 對 3),退出原因為腸胃不適、濕疹等不良事件而非與 HbA1c 真值相關之因素,結果不太可能因此被偏倚,故判 PY。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The HbA1c level was measured by HPLC in the Department of Laboratory Medicine at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.HbA1c 由長庚紀念醫院檢驗醫學部以高效液相層析(HPLC)測定。
- 理由:HbA1c 以實驗室 HPLC 標準方法測定,為對此結果適當且客觀的測量方式,故判 N(測量方法並非不適當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG) were measured at 0, 4 and 12 weeks.HbA1c、空腹血糖與餐後兩小時血糖於第 0、4、12 週測量。
- 理由:兩組於相同時間點以同一實驗室 HPLC 方法測量 HbA1c,測量與確認方式組間一致,故判 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the trial, neither the clinicians nor the patients were aware of the grouping. The placebo ... packaging of the placebo was identical to that of YH1.試驗期間臨床醫師與病人皆不知分組;安慰劑外包裝與 YH1 完全相同。
- 理由:為雙盲試驗、安慰劑外觀一致,且 HbA1c 由實驗室以 HPLC 客觀檢測;結果評估(檢驗值)不受分組知情影響,故判 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:This clinical study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02752880) in April 2016. ... The CONSORT checklist and trial protocol are available as supporting information (S1 CONSORT checklist, S1 Protocol).本研究於 2016 年 4 月在 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT02752880),並提供 CONSORT 檢核表與試驗計畫書作為支持資料。
- 理由:雖有試驗註冊與計畫書,但文中未明確說明分析計畫是否於取得未盲化結果資料前即已定稿,無法確認分析計畫的事前定版時點,故判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage change in HbA1c levels from baseline to 12 weeks. ... The primary endpoint was the percentage change in HbA1c level.主要療效終點為 HbA1c 自基線至第 12 週的百分比變化;摘要亦明定主要終點為 HbA1c 百分比變化。
- 理由:HbA1c 百分比變化於摘要、方法、註冊登錄一致被指定為主要終點,量表與時間點單一明確,結果不像是從多種測量中擇優挑選,故判 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:To analyze changes in parameters compared with their baseline values, we generated boxplots as a nonparametric method of analysis and used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired difference comparisons.為分析各參數相對基線的變化,採無母數方法並以 Wilcoxon 符號秩檢定進行配對差異比較。
- 理由:分析方法(符合方案集合、無母數檢定)事前於統計分析段落單一陳述並一致套用於所有結果,未見從多種分析中擇優報告之跡象,故判 PN。