COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
PRTEE 6個月組間比較
← 回到「網球肘」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- -Domain 1 隨機化過程:High(高風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 4 結局測量:High(高風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為平行組開放標籤 RCT,比較乾針(DN)與皮質類固醇注射(CS)治療網球肘,主要療效結局為病人自評 PRTEE(6 個月組間比較,乾針顯著較佳,P<.01)。隨機化:以線上隨機軟體產生序列(1.1 佳),但分配依到診順序對應到一份分配者可見、預先塗色的清單,隱匿不充分(1.2 可能否),基線均衡(1.3 佳)。偏離介入(ITT):病人與施治者皆知情(開放標籤),試驗情境偏離少且兩組對稱;關鍵弱點在於分析僅納入完成者 101/108(排除不耐受、違規他治、失訪),非 ITT(2.6 否),惟排除比例低、療效差距大,失敗分析不太可能大幅翻轉結果(2.7 可能否)。缺失資料:約 93.5% 有 6 個月結局,缺失少且未見與真值相關,風險低。結局測量:PRTEE 量表適當(4.1 否)、兩組測量方式相同(4.2 否),但屬病人自評主觀結局、病人未盲即為知情評估者(4.3 是),主觀結局在未盲下知情可能且很可能影響評估(4.4/4.5 可能是)——此為本結局最主要偏誤來源。選擇性報告:無事前統計計畫或註冊可佐證(5.1 資訊不足),但單一量表、各時間點與分析皆完整報告,挑選風險低(5.2/5.3 可能否)。整體而言,本結局偏誤傾向偏高,主要來自主觀自評結局在未盲試驗中的測量偏誤、加上非 ITT 分析與分配隱匿不足。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:One hundred eight random numbers, divided into 2 groups, were prepared using an online software.以線上軟體產生 108 個隨機號碼、分為兩組。
- 理由:以線上隨機軟體(文中另引 Research Randomizer)產生隨機序列,屬真正的隨機分配方法,故答是。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The numbers were listed one under the other on an online page, and the lines were painted in 2 different colors according to their group. The authors checked this online list while distributing patients... and sent them to one of the 2 groups by line color.號碼一行一行列在線上頁面,各行依組別塗成兩種顏色。作者在分配病人時查看這份線上清單,依行的顏色把病人送進兩組之一。
- 理由:分配依「病人到診順序」對應到一份預先塗好顏色、且分配者可看見的線上清單;由於順序固定又整份可見,下一位的組別在納入前即可被預見,分配隱匿並不充分,故答可能否。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There was no between-group difference in age, symptom duration, or pretreatment PRTEE score.兩組在年齡、症狀持續時間與治療前 PRTEE 分數上均無差異。
- 理由:年齡、症狀時長、治療前 PRTEE 皆無組間差異(P 值均不顯著),基線均衡,未見暗示隨機出問題的異常差異,故答否。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:In group I... fifteen 0.25 x 25-mm stainless steel needles were inserted... DN was repeated twice weekly (5 sessions in all). For group II, all CS... injections (single doses) were performed... No local anesthetic was used in either group.第一組接受 15 根不鏽鋼針、每週兩次共 5 次乾針;第二組為單次皮質類固醇注射;兩組皆未用局部麻醉。
- 理由:開放標籤試驗,乾針(多次針刺療程)與類固醇(單次注射)介入形式明顯不同,未提及對病人設盲,病人必然知道自己接受何種治療,故答是。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All interventions were performed by a single experienced physiotherapist (E.G.Y.)... all CS... injections... were performed by the second author.所有乾針由單一資深物理治療師執行;所有類固醇注射由第二作者執行。
- 理由:施治者(物理治療師與第二作者)親自執行各自介入,必然知道分組,故答是。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Two patients (1 in each group) who underwent another treatment option (despite our prohibition) were also excluded.兩位病人(每組各 1 位)在被禁止的情況下仍自行接受另一種治療,亦被排除。
- 理由:除少數各組各 1 例自行接受他治(被排除)外,未見因試驗情境而生、且偏離常規照護的重要偏離;介入依計畫執行,故答可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We enrolled 108 patients, but 3 were excluded... Four patients were lost to follow-up... The study has been conducted with 101 patients (49 patients in group I, 52 patients in group II).共納入 108 人,其中 3 人被排除、4 人失訪,最終以 101 人(第一組 49、第二組 52)進行分析。
- 理由:分析僅納入完成者(101/108),把不耐受、違規他治與失訪者排除,屬 per-protocol/completers 分析,非意向治療(ITT),未用適當方法估計指派效果,故答否。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:as a limitation of study, we lost 6.4% of the patients during the follow-up (7 patients: 3 were excluded and 4 were lost to follow-up).研究限制之一是追蹤期間流失 6.4% 病人(7 人:3 人被排除、4 人失訪)。
- 理由:未依 ITT 分析,但被排除者僅約 6.5%,且組間療效差距很大(6 個月 PRTEE 9.7 vs 19.3,P<.01),此程度的排除不太可能大幅改變結果方向,故答可能否(惟乾針組 1 例因疼痛不耐受退出被排除,方向上可能略微美化乾針)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The study has been conducted with 101 patients (49 patients in group I, 52 patients in group II).最終以 101 人(第一組 49、第二組 52)完成研究。
- 理由:108 位隨機、101 位有 6 個月結局資料(約 93.5%),接近全部受試者皆有結局,故答可能是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We used a validated Turkish version of the PRTEE score.採用經驗證的土耳其文版 PRTEE 量表。
- 理由:PRTEE 為外上髁炎廣泛採用且經驗證的病人自評量表,測量方法本身適當,故答否。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients were evaluated using the PRTEE score before the intervention, and at 3 weeks and 6 months after the intervention.兩組病人皆在治療前、治療後 3 週與 6 個月以 PRTEE 評估。
- 理由:兩組使用同一 PRTEE 量表、同一評估流程與時間點測量,測量方式兩組相同,故答否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We recorded 'Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation' (PRTEE) scores... Clinical evaluations were performed by a single physician who was not part of the study.記錄「病人自評網球肘量表」(PRTEE)分數……臨床評估由一位非研究成員的醫師執行。
- 理由:PRTEE 為病人自填的主觀結局,實質評估者即病人本人;在開放標籤下病人知道自己接受乾針或注射,故結局評估者知情,答是(施測醫師雖非研究成員,但分數由知情病人自評)。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the PRTEE scores revealed that the DN-treated patients indicated significantly greater improvement than the CS-treated patients at both day 20 and month 6.PRTEE 顯示乾針組在第 20 天與第 6 個月的改善皆顯著大於類固醇組。
- 理由:PRTEE 為主觀病人自評,病人對療法的期待與知情可能影響自評分數,故答可能是。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the PRTEE scores revealed that the DN-treated patients indicated significantly greater improvement than the CS-treated patients.PRTEE 顯示乾針組改善顯著大於類固醇組。
- 理由:主觀自評結局在未盲試驗中,加上作者原假設偏向乾針、且療程強度不同(多次乾針 vs 單次注射),知情很可能影響評估方向,故答可能是。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:Using the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) data of Murtezani et al, we calculated that the standard effect size would be 0.48.依 Murtezani 等人的 PRTEE 資料計算標準效應量為 0.48(作樣本量估計)。
- 理由:文中僅有事前樣本量計算,未提及試驗註冊或事前定案(於解盲前)的統計分析計畫,無法確認結果依事前計畫分析,故資訊不足。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We recorded 'Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation' (PRTEE) scores before treatment and after 3 weeks and 6 months of treatment.記錄治療前、治療後 3 週與 6 個月的 PRTEE 分數。
- 理由:全程只用單一量表(PRTEE),且治療前、第 20 天、第 6 個月各時間點結果皆完整報告,未見從多個量表或時間點挑選有利結果的跡象,故答可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:We used the Mann-Whitney U test to compare age and pretreatment PRTEE scores... independent sample t-test when comparing PRTEE data obtained at week 3 and month 6, and dependent samples t test to compare PRTEE score values within each group.以 Mann-Whitney U 檢定比較年齡與治療前 PRTEE、以獨立樣本 t 檢定比較第 3 週與第 6 個月的 PRTEE、以相依樣本 t 檢定比較組內 PRTEE。
- 理由:分析方法單純且明確報告(組間 t 檢定、組內相依 t 檢定),組間與組內結果皆列出,未見從多種分析中挑選有利結果的跡象,故答可能否。