COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
≥3 次/週 CSBM 比例
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
這篇研究在「第 3–8 週 CSBM ≥3 次比例」這個主要結果上的整體偏誤風險被評為「有些疑慮」。
這是一篇品質相當高的多中心非劣性試驗:由獨立第三方以 SAS 產生變動區組序列、中央化網路/電話隨機分派(隨機化風險「低」);雖然電針 vs 口服藥無法對受試者與施針者盲化,但救援藥兩組同管、且採 mITT+多重插補的適當分析(偏離介入風險「低」);缺失資料以多重插補並輔以 PP 敏感度分析(缺失資料風險「低」);且試驗已註冊(NCT02047045)、主要結局與非劣性界值事前明定(選擇性報告風險「低」)。
唯一的疑慮在「結局測量」:主要結局 CSBM 由未被盲化的受試者自填排便日記,理論上自評可能受分組知情影響(雖然 CSBM 是相對客觀的排便次數計數),因此測量偏誤評為「有些疑慮」。
總結:方法學紮實的大型註冊試驗,唯一不可避免的弱點是受試者不盲下的自填主要結局,整體可信度「有些疑慮」。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive either electroacupuncture or prucalopride with variable block sizes ... An independent third party generated randomization sequences through PROC PLAN program of SAS 9.3 software.合格受試者以變動區組隨機分派接受電針或 prucalopride;由獨立第三方以 SAS 9.3 的 PROC PLAN 程序產生隨機序列。
- 理由:由獨立第三方以 SAS PROC PLAN 產生變動區組隨機序列,含明確隨機成分、序列產生適當。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:randomly assigned ... through a centralized web/phone randomization system with a 1:1 ratio and site as a stratification factor.透過中央化的網路/電話隨機系統分派,1:1 比例、以院所為分層因子。
- 理由:採中央化 web/phone 隨機系統、序列由獨立第三方產生,分配在納入前充分隱匿(遠端集中分派)。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Table 1. Baseline characteristics ... Electroacupuncture (n = 277) / Prucalopride (n = 278)表 1 基線特徵:電針組 277 人、prucalopride 組 278 人。
- 理由:兩組各 277/278 人、貼近 1:1;表 1 年齡、性別、便秘病程、基線 CSBM/SBM、PAC-QOL 等相近,未見不相容於機遇的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The outcome assessors, data managers, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment allocation, while acupuncturists and participants were not.結局評估者、資料管理者與統計師對分組盲化,但針灸師與受試者未盲化。
- 理由:電針 vs 口服藥本質無法對受試者盲化,受試者知道自己的分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:acupuncturists and participants were not [blinded]針灸師與受試者未盲化。
- 理由:施針者必然知曉分組、無法盲化,介入提供者一方知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:all participants were encouraged not to use additional medical therapy other than rescue medicine ... if used, they were required to make appropriate documentations.鼓勵所有受試者除救援藥外不使用其他治療;若使用救援藥須記錄。
- 理由:救援藥兩組同樣允許並記錄、介入由 14 院所經統一訓練者依方案施行,未見因試驗情境而偏離方案、且任何不依從屬試驗外亦會發生。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Outcomes were evaluated based on the modified intention-to-treat population, defined as all randomized participants with baseline data. ... Missing data for the primary outcome were imputed using the multiple imputation method under the missing at random assumption.以修正意向治療族群(所有具基線資料的隨機受試者)評估結局;主要結局缺失值在隨機缺失假設下以多重插補處理。
- 理由:採 mITT(納入幾乎全部隨機受試者,僅排除 5 名撤同意且無基線資料者)+主要結局多重插補,屬估計指派效應的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:277 included in the modified intention-to-treat set / 278 included in the modified intention-to-treat set ... Missing data for the primary outcome were imputed using the multiple imputation method.mITT 集分別納入 277/278 人;主要結局缺失值以多重插補處理。
- 理由:mITT 納入 277/278(佔 280 的 99%),主要結局缺失以多重插補(MAR)處理並另以 PP 集做敏感度分析,等同幾乎全部受試者皆有(或妥善處理)結局資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:participants completed stool diaries ... The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with ≥3 mean weekly CSBMs over weeks 3–8.受試者填寫排便日記;主要結局為第 3–8 週每週平均 CSBM ≥3 次的比例。
- 理由:以標準排便日記計數 CSBM,測量方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:participants completed stool diaries ... during the baseline assessment ... weeks 1–2, 3–8, 11–12, 15–16, 19–20, and 31–32兩組受試者皆於相同時段填寫排便日記。
- 理由:兩組以相同方法、相同時程測量 CSBM,測量方式組間一致。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:acupuncturists and participants were not [blinded] ... participants completed stool diaries受試者未盲化,且主要結局由受試者自填排便日記。
- 理由:主要結局 CSBM 由受試者自填,而受試者未盲化,等同由未盲的「評估者」(受試者本人)測量結局。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:acupuncturists and participants were not [blinded]受試者未盲化。
- 理由:未盲受試者自評排便次數,理論上可能受分組知情影響(雖 CSBM 為較客觀的次數計數)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:A CSBM was defined as a spontaneous bowel movement (a bowel movement without aid in the previous 24 hours) with complete evacuation sensation.CSBM 有明確定義(前 24 小時無輔助的自主排便+完全排空感)。
- 理由:CSBM 為有明確客觀定義的排便次數計數,受知情影響的空間有限,實際上不太可能因知情而被實質影響。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We conducted a randomized, noninferiority trial (NCT02047045) ... The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with ≥3 mean weekly CSBMs over weeks 3–8 ... with −10% as the noninferior margin.本研究為已註冊(NCT02047045)的非劣性試驗;主要結局與 −10% 非劣性界值均事前訂定。
- 理由:試驗已於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT02047045),主要結局、分析族群與 −10% 非劣性界值皆事前明定,分析依事前計畫進行。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with ≥3 mean weekly CSBMs over weeks 3–8.主要結局為第 3–8 週 CSBM ≥3 次的比例(單一明確定義)。
- 理由:主要結局事前單一明定,次要結局亦完整報告,未見從多個測量中挑選。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Electroacupuncture was noninferior to prucalopride for the primary outcome ... almost the same results were found in the per-protocol population.主要結局電針非劣於 prucalopride,PP 族群結果幾乎相同。
- 理由:mITT 主要分析與 PP 敏感度分析皆報告且一致,未見從多種分析中挑選有利者。