COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
無效吞嚥 > 50% 的比例(主要症狀結局)
← 回到「胃食道逆流」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 2 偏離預定介入:High(高風險)
- -Domain 3 缺失結局資料:High(高風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為前瞻性、隨機、雙盲、雙模擬(double-dummy)設計,以 SAS 9.4 區組隨機化將 288 名 GERD 病人 1:1 分派,盲底密封由未參與者保管,病人與醫師皆盲,故隨機化、盲化與結局量測(測壓客觀指標+已驗證 GERD-Q)品質佳。主要弱點在分析與缺失資料:研究僅以完成者分析(治療 116、對照 130,共 246),將 42/288 名隨機後退出者全數排除,無 ITT/FAS,且排除理由含「對治療不滿意」、兩組人數與理由不對稱(治療 28 vs 對照 14),屬不適當分析(2.6 N、2.7 Y)。此缺失很可能取決於症狀結局之真實值(3.3 Y、3.4 PY),且未做校正或敏感度分析(3.2 N)。又無完整事前統計分析計畫可核(5.1 NI)。整體而言,Domain 2 與 Domain 3 風險偏高,本結局的偏誤風險偏高。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Balanced treatment assignments were achieved by block randomization. This process was performed using SAS 9.4 software to generate a random sequence. The block length was eight.以區組隨機化達成平衡的治療分派。此程序使用 SAS 9.4 軟體產生隨機序列,區組長度為八。
- 理由:明確以 SAS 9.4 電腦產生隨機序列、採區組隨機化,含隨機成分,序列產生為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The blind codes were sealed separately and kept by those who were not directly involved in this clinical trial.盲底代碼分別密封,由未直接參與本臨床試驗者保管。
- 理由:盲底密封並由未參與試驗者保管,且採雙模擬(中藥與安慰劑外觀/氣味一致),分派在登錄前對招募者保密的可能性高,惟未詳述登錄當下的中央化流程,故判 PY。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups of patients in terms of gender, age, and duration of illness.兩組病人在性別、年齡與病程方面無統計學上顯著差異。
- 理由:基線特徵(性別、年齡、病程)兩組相近、無顯著差異,未見提示隨機化出問題的失衡。惟基線資料僅呈現完成者(治療 116、對照 130),非全部隨機者,故不給 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Doctors and patients were blind to the medicine. The medicine and placebos were packaged in the same outer packaging, and their appearance, color, and characteristics were consistent. Both were made by the same manufacturer.醫師與病人對藥物為盲。藥物與安慰劑使用相同外包裝,外觀、顏色與特性一致,且皆由同一製造商生產。
- 理由:採雙模擬(double-dummy)設計,中藥顆粒與安慰劑顆粒、omeprazole 與其安慰劑外觀氣味一致,病人對其分派為盲。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Doctors and patients were blind to the medicine.醫師與病人對藥物為盲。
- 理由:醫師(給藥/照護者)亦對分組為盲,且安慰劑外觀一致、同一廠製造,照護者與給藥者對分派為盲。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Twenty-eight patients in the treatment group were excluded ... 14 cases left the study due to personal reasons, and 13 cases left due to dissatisfaction with the treatment; of the 14 patients excluded in the control group ... and a total of 246 patients completed the study.治療組 28 名病人被排除……14 例因個人因素退出、13 例因對治療不滿意而退出;對照組排除的 14 名病人……共 246 名病人完成研究。
- 理由:分析僅納入完成者(治療 116、對照 130,共 246),將 288 名隨機者中 42 名隨機後退出者全數排除分析,無 ITT/FAS。排除理由包含「對治療不滿意」屬與療效相關之退出,屬不適當的分析,非依隨機分派分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A total of 288 patients were included in this study ... Twenty-eight patients in the treatment group were excluded ... of the 14 patients excluded in the control group ... and a total of 246 patients completed the study.本研究共納入 288 名病人……治療組 28 名被排除……對照組排除 14 名……共 246 名病人完成研究。
- 理由:排除比例達 42/288(約 14.6%),且兩組排除人數與理由不對稱(治療 28 vs 對照 14;治療組含 13 例因不滿意、對照組 5 例),對結果有實質影響之潛在性高。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Twenty-eight patients in the treatment group were excluded ... of the 14 patients excluded in the control group ... and a total of 246 patients completed the study.治療組排除 28 名、對照組排除 14 名,共 246 名完成研究。
- 理由:本結局(無效吞嚥 > 50% 比例)僅在完成者且基線有異常者中量測(治療 n=49、對照 n=48),且全試驗有 42/288 隨機者退出未取得結局資料,並非全部或近乎全部隨機者皆有資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:and a total of 246 patients completed the study.共 246 名病人完成研究。
- 理由:未進行可校正缺失資料偏誤的分析,亦無敏感度分析評估缺失對結果的影響;僅以完成者分析呈現結果,無證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏倚。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:14 cases left the study due to personal reasons, and 13 cases left due to dissatisfaction with the treatment14 例因個人因素退出、13 例因對治療不滿意而退出。
- 理由:退出理由包含「對治療不滿意」,與病人對症狀改善的真實感受相關,故結局之缺失有可能取決於其真實值。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Twenty-eight patients in the treatment group were excluded ... 13 cases left due to dissatisfaction with the treatment; of the 14 patients excluded in the control group, 9 patients left the study due to personal reasons, 5 patients left due to dissatisfaction治療組排除 28 名……13 例因對治療不滿意退出;對照組排除 14 名,其中 9 例因個人因素、5 例因不滿意退出。
- 理由:兩組缺失比例與理由皆不對稱(治療組退出較多、且因不滿意者較多),「不滿意」直接與症狀結局之真實值相關,故缺失很可能取決於其真實值。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The Chicago esophageal dyskinesia classification released in 2015 defined ... ineffective esophageal motility as > 50% of ineffective swallowing2015 年發布的芝加哥食道運動障礙分類,將無效食道蠕動定義為無效吞嚥 > 50%。
- 理由:以高解析度食道測壓並採芝加哥分類之公認閾值界定無效吞嚥,並輔以已驗證的 GERD-Q 量表,量測方法對此結局為適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Indices of esophageal manometry were recorded before and 4 wk after treatment.食道測壓指標於治療前與治療後 4 週記錄。
- 理由:兩組皆於相同時點以相同方法(同一測壓系統、相同 GERD-Q 量表)量測,量測方法與時點一致,無組間差異之虞。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Doctors and patients were blind to the medicine.醫師與病人對藥物為盲。
- 理由:病人(症狀結局之評估者)與醫師皆對分組為盲;採雙模擬使盲化得以維持,結局評估者對所受介入不知情。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The trial registration number is ISRCTN17685397.試驗註冊號為 ISRCTN17685397。
- 理由:雖有試驗註冊號,但未取得完整的事前統計分析計畫(SAP),無法確認分析是否依在解盲前定案之計畫進行,故為無資訊。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary endpoint of this study was the GERD-Q scale score. ... the percentage of ineffective swallowing > 50% ... were the secondary endpoints.本研究主要結局為 GERD-Q 量表分數……無效吞嚥 > 50% 的比例……為次要結局。
- 理由:結局已事前指明(GERD-Q 為主要、無效吞嚥比例等測壓指標為次要),各量測指標於表格中完整呈現,未見從多個量測中擇優報告之跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:For comparisons within groups, the paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. For comparisons between groups, categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were analyzed using analysis of variance組內比較使用配對 t 檢定或 Wilcoxon 符號等級檢定;組間比較類別變項用卡方與 Fisher 精確檢定,連續變項用變異數分析。
- 理由:統計方法事前敘明且依資料型態套用單一既定分析,各結局結果完整報告,未見從多種分析中擇優報告之跡象。