COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
急性加重頻率(次/年)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照之平行隨機試驗:以 SAS 產生中心分層排列區組隨機序列、經獨立單位之互動式網路系統執行並嚴格隱匿分配,基線兩組各 138 人且各變項相近,隨機過程偏誤風險低。受試者、施治者與結果評估者皆被盲化、安慰劑配對良好,急性加重頻率採 ITT 全體分析,分配偏誤與測量偏誤風險低。急性加重屬全程日誌與病歷記錄之事件型結果,表 4 兩組分母皆為完整 138/138,缺失結果資料偏誤風險低。結果以 Anthonisen 標準準則界定、兩組計數方式一致,測量方法適當。試驗於 ChiCTR 前瞻註冊、頻率事先列為次要結果且分析方法預先指明,惟未取得完整統計分析計畫書(5.1 答 PY),整體選擇性報告之疑慮低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The permuted block random sequence, stratified by centre, was created with SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA). The randomization sequence was generated by computer code.以中心分層的排列區組隨機序列,使用 SAS 9.2 軟體產生;隨機序列由電腦程式碼產生。
- 理由:明確以電腦產生排列區組隨機序列(含隨機成分),屬適當的隨機分配方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomisation was performed by an independent staff member of the Key Unit of Methodology in Clinical Research (KUMCR) ... using a validated interactive web response system ... The randomisation list and blinding codes were accessed only by the KUMCR staff and were held in strict confidence.由臨床研究方法學核心單位(KUMCR)一名獨立人員,透過經驗證的互動式網路回應系統執行隨機分配;隨機名單與盲化代碼僅 KUMCR 人員可取得並嚴格保密。
- 理由:採中央化、由獨立單位掌控的互動式網路回應系統分配,招募者無法預知後續分配,分配隱匿適當。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the two study arms (Table 2)兩組的基線人口學與臨床特徵相近(表 2)。
- 理由:兩組各 138 人、配置比例 1:1 相符,基線各變項 p 值皆無顯著差異(皆 >0.05),未見提示隨機過程出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A randomised, multicentre, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted ... Compared with JPYF II granules, the placebo was similar in appearance, colour, smell, taste, and packaging.本試驗為隨機、多中心、雙盲、平行分組、安慰劑對照設計;安慰劑在外觀、顏色、氣味、味道與包裝上皆與 JPYF II 顆粒相似。
- 理由:安慰劑與試驗藥外觀氣味味道一致,受試者被盲化,無法得知所分配介入。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:all participants and researchers, including investigators, monitors, outcome assessors and statisticians were unaware of patient allocation and treatment during the trial.所有受試者與研究人員(包括研究者、監測員、結果評估者與統計師)在試驗期間皆不知曉病人的分組與治療。
- 理由:施予介入者與照護者皆被盲化,且採安慰劑顆粒,故對分配不知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome (change in SGRQ score) was analysed by the intention to treat method ... A total of 276 patients (138 in each group) were included in the analysis ... Number of AECOPD events per patient, mean (SD) 0.87 (1.19) ... 1.34 (1.51) ... 0.0043主要結果以意向治療法分析;共 276 位病人(每組 138 位)納入分析;每位病人 AECOPD 次數平均 0.87(SD 1.19) 對 1.34(SD 1.51),p=0.0043。
- 理由:採 ITT 分析,急性加重頻率以全部各 138 位隨機受試者計算(表 4 分母 138/138),屬估計分配效應的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Number of AECOPD events per patient ... JPYF II (total n = 138) ... Placebo (total n = 138) ... 0.87 (1.19) ... 1.34 (1.51)每位病人 AECOPD 次數:JPYF II 組總數 n=138、安慰劑組 n=138,平均分別為 0.87 與 1.34。
- 理由:急性加重屬全程記錄於日誌與病歷的事件型結果,表 4 兩組分母皆為完整隨機人數 138/138,所有隨機受試者皆有此結果資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Acute exacerbations were defined as having one of the following two conditions: 1) two or more major symptoms ... or 2) any single major symptom plus at least two minor symptoms ... that lasted more than two days, exceeded the usual daily variation, and resulted in additional therapy (Anthonisen et al., 1987).急性加重依 Anthonisen(1987) 準則定義:兩項以上主要症狀,或單一主要症狀加至少兩項次要症狀,持續逾兩天、超出日常變動並需額外治療。
- 理由:採國際公認的 Anthonisen 標準化準則界定與計數急性加重,為適當的結果測量方法。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants recorded any discomfort in diaries throughout the trial, and researchers and clinicians recorded all adverse events in case report forms ... Standard operating procedures were developed and clinical research coordinators were trained before recruitment.受試者全程於日誌記錄不適,研究者與臨床醫師於病例報告表記錄所有事件;招募前已制訂標準作業程序並訓練臨床研究協調員。
- 理由:兩組以相同的標準化準則與作業程序記錄與判定急性加重,無證據顯示測量方式在組間不同。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:all participants and researchers, including investigators, monitors, outcome assessors and statisticians were unaware of patient allocation and treatment during the trial.所有研究人員,包括結果評估者與統計師,在試驗期間皆不知曉病人的分組與治療。
- 理由:結果評估者被盲化、不知所受介入,故對本題答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org.cn, No. ChiCTR-IOR-16008082) ... Secondary outcomes included: 1) frequency, rate, severity and time to first acute exacerbation of COPD ... Ordinal variables (the number of acute exacerbations) were analysed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.本研究已於中國臨床試驗註冊中心註冊(No. ChiCTR-IOR-16008082);次要結果包含 COPD 急性加重之頻率、發生率、嚴重度與首次發作時間;急性加重次數(順序變項)以 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定分析。
- 理由:試驗於 ChiCTR 前瞻註冊,急性加重頻率事先列為次要結果,且分析方法(Wilcoxon 等級和檢定)於方法學已預先指明;雖未取得完整詳盡的統計分析計畫書,但有前瞻註冊與明確預先指定,研判答 PY。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Secondary outcomes included: 1) frequency, rate, severity and time to first acute exacerbation of COPD ... The frequency of acute COPD exacerbations was also lower in the treatment arm than the placebo arm (0.87 vs. 1.34 events per patient per year; p = 0.0043)次要結果包含急性加重之頻率、發生率、嚴重度與首次發作時間;治療組急性加重頻率低於安慰劑組(0.87 對 1.34 次/人/年,p=0.0043)。
- 理由:急性加重頻率為事先指定的單一明確測量,與其他面向(發生率、嚴重度、首次發作時間)分別完整報告,無證據顯示是從多個量測中依結果挑選而來。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Ordinal variables (the number of acute exacerbations) were analysed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test ... Number of AECOPD events per patient, mean (SD) 0.87 (1.19) ... 1.34 (1.51) ... 0.0043急性加重次數(順序變項)以 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定分析;每位病人 AECOPD 次數平均 0.87 對 1.34,p=0.0043。
- 理由:頻率以方法學預先指定的 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定分析、依 ITT 全體計算,報告與預先指定一致,無證據顯示自多個分析中依結果挑選。