COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
膝功能(Kujala)一週後組間
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- -Domain 1 隨機化過程:High(高風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 4 結局測量:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為平行組雙臂 RCT(實驗組 15:常規物理治療+臀中肌活性激痛點乾針;對照組 14:僅常規物理治療),主要結局取治療後一週的膝關節功能(Kujala AKPS)組間比較。隨機化:以亂數表產生序列(隨機成分具備),但作者於限制段自承『無法有效隱匿隨機分配』、且無中央化或信封等隱匿描述,分配隱匿明顯不足,基線則兩組均衡。偏離介入:對照組無假針、且標題稱雙盲卻無任何受試者盲化方法,受試者與施治者皆知情;惟兩組無失訪、無中止、全數依 ITT 納入分析,未見因試驗情境而生的偏離。缺失資料:兩組失訪與排除皆為 0,無缺失偏誤疑慮。結局測量:主要結局為病人自填的主觀量表,且評估者本人即為執行分組者、明確知情,在缺乏盲化下主觀結局易受期望影響(4.3 知情、4.4 可能受影響),惟就『很可能』的高門檻判為可能否,屬邊界。選擇性報告:有試驗登錄但無法確認統計分析計畫解盲前定案(5.1 資訊不足),兩量表三時點與各分析則完整一致報告。整體而言,本結局的偏誤傾向主要來自隨機化的分配隱匿失敗與無盲化下的主觀結局測量,偏誤風險偏高。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:they were assigned either to the experimental group or to the control group using a random number table by a physiotherapist working in the physiotherapy department who was unaware of the study process.受試者由一位不知情於研究流程、任職於物理治療部門的物理治療師,使用亂數表分配到實驗組或對照組。
- 理由:使用亂數表(random number table)分派,屬含隨機成分的序列產生方法,故答是。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:since the authors of the present study could not effectively conceal randomization and because they used the simple and convenience sampling method, the selected patients may not represent the population of interest and therefore be a source of bias.由於本研究作者無法有效隱匿隨機分配,加上採用簡單便利抽樣法,所選病人可能不足以代表目標母群,因而可能成為偏誤來源。
- 理由:作者在限制段落自承「無法有效隱匿隨機分配」,等於明確承認分配隱匿失敗;亂數表由現場人員操作、無中央或信封等隱匿機制描述,招募者可能預知後續分配,故答否(有明確證據顯示未隱匿)。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There was no significant difference among the patients in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics (P > 0.05) (Table 2).兩組病人在人口學與臨床特徵上無顯著差異(P>0.05)(表 2)。
- 理由:表 2 各項基線變項(身高、體重、年齡、病程、基線疼痛與功能分數)組間 P 值皆 >0.05;組別人數 15 對 14 與 1:1 相容。無跡象顯示隨機化出問題,故答否。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The experimental group also received GM active TrP-DN once a week for 3 sessions in addition to the conventional physiotherapy.實驗組在常規物理治療之外,另每週接受一次、共三次的臀中肌活性激痛點乾針。
- 理由:對照組只接受常規物理治療、未施予任何假針(sham needling),實驗組明顯多了一項扎針介入。雖標題稱「雙盲」但全文未描述任何對受試者的盲化方法,實務上受試者必然知道自己有無被扎針,故判受試者知情(可能是)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The third physiotherapist who had at least 5 years of experience in the field of dry needling, was responsible for performing dry needling intervention in the experimental group.第三位具至少五年乾針經驗的物理治療師負責對實驗組施行乾針介入。
- 理由:施行乾針的治療師必然知道哪些人在實驗組;且作者自承分配未隱匿,施治者亦難以不知分組,故答是。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Lost to follow-up (n=0) ... Discontinued intervention (n=0)失去追蹤(n=0)……中止介入(n=0)。
- 理由:CONSORT 流程圖顯示兩組皆無中止介入、無失訪,所有受試者均接受並完成其被指派的介入,未見任何因試驗情境而生、且與試驗計畫不一致的偏離,故答可能否。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Analysed (n=15) ... Excluded from analysis (n=0)納入分析(n=15)……排除於分析(n=0)。
- 理由:流程圖顯示實驗組 15 人、對照組 14 人全數納入分析、無隨機化後排除、無失訪,等同意向治療(ITT)分析,故用了適當分析估計指派效果,答是。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Lost to follow-up (n=0) ... Analysed (n=15) ... Analysed (n=14)失去追蹤(n=0)……納入分析(n=15)……納入分析(n=14)。
- 理由:兩組皆無失訪,全部 29 位隨機化受試者都有結局資料並納入分析,故幾乎所有受試者都有結局資料,答是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Physical function was measured using Kujala13-item AKPS ... This questionnaire has been translated into Persian and has a relatively high validity and reliability in patients with PFPS.膝關節功能以 Kujala 13 題前膝疼痛量表(AKPS)測量……該問卷已譯為波斯文、在 PFPS 病人中具相對高的效度與信度。
- 理由:Kujala AKPS 為 PFPS 常用且經效度信度驗證的功能量表,測量方法本身適當,故答否(方法不當=否)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Pain intensity and physical function of the patients were measured using VAS and Kujala AKPS in both groups in three stages of before, immediately after and one week after performing the treatment sessions.兩組病人的疼痛強度與膝關節功能,皆以 VAS 與 Kujala AKPS 於治療前、治療後即刻、治療後一週三個時點測量。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、相同時點、同一位評估者施測,測量方法在組間一致,故答否。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The second person was the physiotherapist of the clinic who was responsible for randomly grouping the included patients into one of the two experimental or control groups. In addition, this physiotherapist was also responsible for the assessment of the pain visual analog scale (VAS) and Kujala anterior knee pain scale (AKPS).第二位是負責將納入病人隨機分組到實驗組或對照組的診所物理治療師;此外,這位治療師也負責 VAS 疼痛與 Kujala 前膝疼痛量表(AKPS)的評估。
- 理由:本結局為病人自填問卷(VAS 由病人自畫、Kujala 為自填量表),在無受試者盲化下病人即知情的「評估者」;且負責施測的治療師同時是執行分組的人、明確知道分組。兩層面都使結局評估者知情,故答是。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Physical function was measured using Kujala13-item AKPS, which can measure physical function during performance of various activities in patients with PFPS.膝關節功能以 Kujala 13 題 AKPS 測量,可評估 PFPS 病人執行各種活動時的功能。
- 理由:Kujala AKPS 屬病人主觀自陳量表,實驗組獲得額外的乾針介入、對照組無假針,病人的期望與回報可能受知情影響,故此類主觀結局的評估可能受知情左右,答可能是。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:雖為主觀自陳結局且缺乏受試者盲化(無假針),存在受知情影響之可能;但組間差異幅度不大、且無直接證據顯示評估「很可能」被知情左右到足以扭轉結論,故就「很可能」此較高門檻判為可能否(此判斷使 domain 4 落在 some concerns 而非 high,屬邊界判斷)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:This article was also registered in the Iranian Clinical Trials database as IRCT20160408027287N3.本文亦登錄於伊朗臨床試驗資料庫,編號 IRCT20160408027287N3。
- 理由:試驗雖有登錄編號,但文中未提供可查證的事前統計分析計畫、亦無法確認分析方案是在解盲前定案,故對「是否依解盲前定案之計畫分析」判為資訊不足。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Pain intensity and physical function of the patients were measured using VAS and Kujala AKPS in both groups in three stages of before, immediately after and one week after performing the treatment sessions.疼痛與功能以 VAS 與 Kujala AKPS 於治療前、後即刻、後一週三個時點在兩組測量。
- 理由:兩個結局量表(VAS、AKPS)與三個時點的組間比較均完整報告於表 3、表 4,未見從多個量測中挑選有利結果的跡象,故答可能否。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Considering the non-normal data distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was also used to compare pain score and physical function between the experimental and control groups before, immediately after and one week after the intervention.考量資料非常態分布,採用 Mann-Whitney U 檢定比較兩組於介入前、後即刻、後一週的疼痛與功能分數。
- 理由:統計方法(依常態性以 Mann-Whitney 做組間、Wilcoxon 做組內、重複測量 ANOVA)事前敘明並將各分析結果一致報告,未見從多種分析中挑選有利者的跡象,故答可能否。