COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
6個月累積臨床懷孕率
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照的平行組試驗(124 位 35–42 歲接受 IVF 的婦女)。隨機序列由獨立統計團隊以電腦產生,藥物由藥廠編碼且外觀相同,依納入順序發放,隨機化與分配隱匿良好,基線均衡。受試者與施治者皆盲,但主文報告的是依計畫書分析(排除因服用其他藥物等 5 人),ITT 分析僅在附錄且本評讀未取得,偏離介入面向有些疑慮。缺失僅 4%,原因與結局無明顯關聯。主要結局以超音波見胎心判定,屬客觀指標,測量偏誤風險低。試驗有登錄,但未見事前統計分析計畫,選擇性報告面向資訊不足。整體而言,本結局的偏誤傾向為有些疑慮,主要來自 PP 分析與缺乏可核對的事前分析計畫。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A stratified block randomization design was used with a block size of 4. The randomization method was undertaken by statistical team of the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, using Microsoft Excel 2016 to generate 6 groups of 124 random numbers.採用分層區組隨機化設計,區組大小為 4。隨機化由山東中醫藥大學附屬醫院統計團隊執行,以 Microsoft Excel 2016 產生 6 組共 124 個隨機數字。
- 理由:由獨立統計團隊以電腦(Excel)產生隨機數字,分層區組隨機,屬於真正的隨機序列。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The random numbers were stored in envelopes with blind bottoms. The pharmaceutical manufacturer coded the test drug and placebo drug as A or B, respectively on the basis of the generated random numbers. ... The investigators at each center distributed the corresponding numbered drugs in the order of enrollment.隨機數字以盲底信封保存。藥廠依產生的隨機數字把試驗藥與安慰劑分別編碼為 A 或 B。……各中心研究者依納入順序發放對應編號的藥物。
- 理由:分配序列由統計團隊與藥廠掌握,藥物由藥廠預先編號、外觀相同,各中心研究者只按納入順序發放下一個編號的藥,無法預知下一位的分組,符合官方指引中「依序編號、外觀相同的藥物容器」這種隱匿方式。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), infertility duration, AMH, AFC and the method of fertilization of patients between the two groups (P >0.05).兩組病人在年齡、身體質量指數、腰臀比、不孕年數、AMH、竇卵泡數與受精方式均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。
- 理由:表 2 的年齡、AMH、AFC、基礎 FSH/LH/E2 等卵巢儲備相關指標兩組都很接近,受精方式 IVF/ICSI 比例略有差異但不顯著,看不出隨機化出問題的跡象。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The placebo is made up of wheat flour, oatmeal, rice flour, and 10% herbal ingredients. It was identical to the QYP in terms of its dosage, appearance, color, weight, taste, smell, package, and codes.安慰劑由小麥粉、燕麥、米粉及 10% 的藥材成分製成,在劑量、外觀、顏色、重量、味道、氣味、包裝與編碼上都與七子育嗣丸相同。
- 理由:雙盲安慰劑對照,安慰劑在外觀、氣味、味道與包裝上都與試驗藥相同,受試者應不知道自己的分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The pharmaceutical manufacturer coded the test drug and placebo drug as A or B ... After data analysis, a second unblinding was performed, which revealed the true composition of drugs A and B.藥廠把試驗藥與安慰劑編碼為 A 或 B。……資料分析完成後才進行第二次揭盲,揭露 A、B 藥的真實內容。
- 理由:藥物由藥廠編碼,研究者只發放編號藥物,A、B 的真實內容直到統計分析後才揭露,施治的生殖中心醫師與研究者應不知分組。各組共用相同的超排卵方案。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Per-protocol analysis showed 26 clinical pregnancies in the QYP group, with a cumulative pregnancy rate of 43.33% (26/60) ... The same result was exhibited in intention-to-treat analysis (Appendix 1).依計畫書分析顯示中藥組有 26 例臨床懷孕,累積懷孕率 43.33%(26/60)。……意向治療分析也得到相同結果(附錄 1)。
- 理由:論文主文與網站圖表採用的是依計畫書(PP)分析,分母 60 與 59,排除了同時服用其他藥物者(1 與 2 人)及停藥、失聯者;以不遵從為由排除受試者不屬於估計指派效果的適當分析。作者稱意向治療分析結果一致,但該分析僅在線上附錄,本評讀未取得附錄內容,無法確認其處理方式,故答可能否。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:A total of 124 patients were enrolled out of whom 5 were shed, with a dropout rate of 4.03%.共納入 124 位病人,其中 5 位脫落,脫落率 4.03%。
- 理由:PP 分析只排除 5/124(4%),兩組各 2 與 3 人,且作者表示意向治療分析結論相同,未依 ITT 分析對結果造成實質影響的可能性低。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:A total of 119 patients were eventually included in this tiral, 60 patients in the treatment group and 59 in the control group.最終共 119 位病人納入分析,治療組 60 位、對照組 59 位。
- 理由:124 位隨機分派者中 119 位(96%)有結局資料並納入分析;缺少的 5 人中,真正失去追蹤或停藥者各 1 人,另 3 人是因服用其他藥物被排除(其結局可能仍有紀錄,作者另做了 ITT 分析)。相對於 41 例臨床懷孕事件,缺失比例小,判為可能是。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Clinical pregnancy was defined by ultrasonographic examination of at least one fetus with a discernible heartbeat.臨床懷孕定義為超音波檢查看到至少一個具可辨識心跳的胎兒。
- 理由:以超音波見胎心定義臨床懷孕,是生殖醫學的標準結局測量方式,方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:To assess treatment outcome, serum β-HCG was measured 14 days after cleavage-stage embryo transfer. ... The patients were followed-up once a month during pregnancy and 4 weeks after delivery.為評估治療結果,於卵裂期胚胎移植後 14 天測血清 β-HCG。……懷孕期間每月追蹤一次,直到產後 4 週。
- 理由:兩組採用相同的超排卵、移植與追蹤流程,懷孕判定方式與時間點一致,測量方式在兩組間不應有差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The first unblinding was done 35 days after embryo transfer (ET), the A and B numbers of the enrolled cases were revealed and the statistical analysis of the clinical data was performed by the statistician.第一次揭盲於胚胎移植後 35 天進行,揭露各受試者的 A、B 編號,並由統計人員進行臨床資料的統計分析。
- 理由:試驗為雙盲,藥物真實內容在統計分析後的第二次揭盲才揭露;論文未具體說明超音波判讀者的盲性,但施治的生殖中心人員不知分組,推定評估者可能不知分組。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR1800014427).本研究已於中國臨床試驗註冊中心註冊(編號 ChiCTR1800014427)。
- 理由:試驗有登錄,但論文未提供事前的統計分析計畫或試驗計畫書,本評讀也未核對登錄內容與登錄時間,無法確認分析是否依解盲前定案的計畫進行。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was cumulative pregnancy rate. Cumulative pregnancy rate was defined as number of clinical pregnancies obtained in a single oocyte cycle within 6 months.主要結局為累積懷孕率,定義為單一取卵週期在 6 個月內獲得的臨床懷孕數。
- 理由:主要結局在方法學中明確定義(單一取卵週期 6 個月內、以胎心定義臨床懷孕),也是樣本數估算的依據,只有一種定義與時間點,看不出從多個量測中挑選的跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Per protocol (PP) analysis revealed that 6-month cumulative pregnancy rate in the QYP group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group ... Intention-to-treat analysis was in line with PP results.依計畫書分析顯示中藥組 6 個月累積懷孕率顯著高於安慰劑組。……意向治療分析與依計畫書分析結果一致。
- 理由:PP 與 ITT 兩種分析都有報告且結論一致,分析方法為簡單的卡方檢定,看不出從多種分析中挑選有利結果的跡象。