COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
第 8 週 PSQI 睡眠品質
← 回到「失眠」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為上海 3 家醫院的多中心三臂隨機試驗(電針、假針、常規照護,各 90 人),本評讀比較電針組與假針組第 8 週的 PSQI 變化量。隨機採線上中央系統、分派隱匿適當,基線大致平衡。受試者以 Streitberger 不穿透假針加戴眼罩盲化,兩組多以為自己接受真治療,施針者則知道分組,但未見因此產生的介入偏離,且以意向治療分析全部隨機者。缺失約 8% 至 10%,以 LOCF 補值、沒有敏感度分析,且部分退出原因是療效不滿意,缺失資料面向有些疑慮;不過兩組缺失比例與原因相近,組間差距也遠大於缺失可能造成的影響。PSQI 為病人自評的主觀量表,電針組猜中分組的比例偏高,作者也承認可能放大期待效應,這是本結局主要的潛在偏誤來源。試驗已註冊並事先發表設計,主要結局與分析方法前後一致。整體偏誤傾向主要來自缺失資料處理方式。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Eligible patients were randomized to receive EA, SA, and/or standard care with a 1:1:1 ratio by an online central randomization system (Shanghai BioGuider Medicinal Technology).符合資格的病人以線上中央隨機系統(上海 BioGuider)依 1:1:1 比例隨機分派至電針、假針或常規照護組。
- 理由:由獨立公司提供的線上中央隨機系統產生分派序列,屬電腦產生的隨機序列,答「是」。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:by an online central randomization system (Shanghai BioGuider Medicinal Technology). Independent staff established the data analysis system for the Electronic Data Capture software, version 5.0 (Shanghai BioGuider Medicinal Technology), and prepared the randomization database.以線上中央隨機系統分派;由獨立人員建置電子資料擷取系統並準備隨機資料庫。
- 理由:採線上中央隨機、隨機資料庫由獨立人員準備,招募者在病人納入前無法預知下一個分派,依官方指引中央隨機屬適當的分派隱匿,答「是」。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:PSQIb 15.1 (2.9) 14.7 (3.1) 15.2 (2.9)基線 PSQI:電針組 15.1(2.9)、假針組 14.7(3.1)、常規照護組 15.2(2.9)。
- 理由:表 1 電針組與假針組的年齡、性別、PSQI、HDRS-17、ISI 等基線值相近;憂鬱病程與合併慢性病比例有些差異(電針組病程較長、慢性病比例較低),但幅度與方向皆可用機率解釋,也看不出隨機過程出問題,答「否」。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients in the EA and SA groups were kept blinded to their group assignment. They were treated in a closed unit, wearing eye masks during each session. ... 56 patients (62.2%) in the SA group guessed wrongly about their group assignment (Bang blinding index, −0.4 [95% CI, −0.6 to −0.3]), whereas 15 (16.7%) in the EA group also guessed wrongly (Bang blinding index, 0.5電針組與假針組病人不知自己的分組,在封閉治療室內、每次治療皆戴眼罩。……假針組 56 人(62.2%)猜錯分組(Bang 盲化指數 −0.4),電針組則有 15 人(16.7%)猜錯(Bang 盲化指數 0.5)。
- 理由:假針組使用 Streitberger 不穿透鈍頭針、電針儀指示燈亮但輸出設為 0,受試者全程戴眼罩,且排除一年內接受過針灸者。盲化評估中假針組多數以為自己接受真針,電針組也多數猜「真針」,兩組都傾向認為自己是真治療,屬常見的「都以為是真的」型態,而非受試者確知分組。作者也承認電針組猜對的比例偏高、可能提高期待,但整體仍判受試者大致不知分組,答「可能否」。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:First, acupuncturists were not blinded to the group assignment owing to the treatment procedure.第一,因治療程序本身的限制,施針者無法對分組保持盲性。
- 理由:施針者操作真針或假針,必然知道分組,答「是」。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:To minimize potential bias due to the single-blinding method, 2 independent acupuncturists at each site were assigned to perform the real and sham EA treatment and adhere to the principle of task separation.為降低單盲可能造成的偏誤,每個中心由 2 位獨立施針者分別執行真電針與假電針,並遵守任務分離原則。
- 理由:論文未報告因試驗情境(施針者知道分組)而產生的偏離,例如額外給予治療或改變療程;流程圖中電針組與假針組未接受分派介入者多為療效不滿意或個人因素退出,屬缺失資料問題而非偏離介入,唯一的「違反試驗計畫」發生在常規照護組、不在本比較內。答「可能否」。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All statistical analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle of all randomly assigned patients所有統計分析皆依意向治療原則,納入全部隨機分派的病人。
- 理由:所有隨機分派者依原分組分析(流程圖各組 90 人全數納入分析),主要結局以線性混合效應模型分析,屬估計指派效果的適當分析,答「是」。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Of the patients who completed the 8-week intervention, 83 were in the EA group, 81 were in the SA group, and 83 were in the control group.完成 8 週療程的病人:電針組 83 人、假針組 81 人、常規照護組 83 人。
- 理由:各組隨機 90 人,第 8 週主要結局時點電針組約 7 人、假針組約 9 人未完成(約 8% 與 10%),缺失者以最後觀察值帶入(LOCF)補值,並非真的有結局資料,不算「幾乎所有」,答「否」。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Missing data were replaced according to the principle of the last observation carried forward.缺失資料依最後觀察值帶入原則補值。
- 理由:論文只用 LOCF 補值,未做敏感度分析或其他能證明結果不受缺失資料影響的分析;依官方指引,LOCF 等單一補值法本身不能作為無偏誤的證據,答「否」。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:23 patients (8.5%) dropped out of the study owing to time commitment, personal issues, or unsatisfying effects共 23 位病人(8.5%)因時間、個人因素或療效不滿意退出。
- 理由:退出原因包含「療效不滿意」(流程圖電針組 2 人、假針組 3 人),與睡眠品質本身有關,缺失有可能取決於結局真值,答「可能是」。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:(7 in the EA group, 9 in the SA group, and 7 in the control group; 20 during the intervention period and 3 during the 24-week follow-up period)(電針組 7 人、假針組 9 人、常規照護組 7 人;20 人在療程期間、3 人在 24 週追蹤期退出)
- 理由:兩組缺失比例接近(7 比 9),原因分布也相近(因療效不滿意退出者 2 比 3),缺失量小,而主要結局的組間差距(−3.6 分)遠大於缺失可能造成的影響,缺失「很可能」取決於真值的程度不高,答「可能否」。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The PSQI is a widely used questionnaire to assess one’s sleep quality for the past month, with 7 components for 7 specific features of sleep.PSQI 是廣泛使用的問卷,以 7 個分項評估過去一個月的睡眠品質。
- 理由:PSQI 是經過驗證、失眠研究常用的睡眠品質量表,測量方法適當,答「否」。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The assessments of patients’ sleep and mental condition using the PSQI, ISI, HDRS-17, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and actigraphy were given in the middle (week 4) and at the end (week 8) of the treatment.PSQI 等評估在療程中(第 4 週)與療程結束(第 8 週)對所有組別施測。
- 理由:各組使用相同量表、相同時間點評估,測量方式在組間沒有差異,答「否」。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients in the SA group believed that they took the real acupuncture treatment, and thus the blinding in the SA group was successful. However, the result also suggested that patients receiving the EA treatment had guessed correctly about their group assignment假針組病人相信自己接受的是真針,因此假針組盲化成功;但結果也顯示電針組病人大多猜對自己的分組。
- 理由:PSQI 為病人自填,結局評估者即受試者本人。如 2.1 所述,兩組受試者都傾向認為自己接受真治療,加上戴眼罩與假針裝置,受試者大致不確知分組;但電針組猜「真針」的比例較高,留有部分知情的疑慮,答「可能否」。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The trial design had been published previously,22 and the protocol was approved by the ethics committee ... TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03122080試驗設計已事先發表,試驗計畫經倫理委員會核准……試驗註冊 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03122080。
- 理由:試驗已註冊、設計事先發表,試驗計畫書附於補充資料 1,主要結局(第 8 週 PSQI 變化量)與分析方法在方法段明確寫出,與報告一致;論文未明說統計分析計畫在解盲前定案,且未能查證註冊時間是否早於收案,故答「可能是」而非「是」。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was change in PSQI score at the end of the intervention (week 8).主要結局為療程結束(第 8 週)時 PSQI 分數的變化量。
- 理由:主要結局事先指定為 PSQI 總分於第 8 週的變化量,報告的正是此量表、此時間點,且其他時間點(第 4、12、20、32 週)與 PSQI 分項也都完整報告,看不出從多種測量中挑選,答「可能否」。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:For the primary outcome, the PSQI was assessed by the linear mixed-effects model with the interaction effects of time and group.主要結局 PSQI 以含時間與組別交互作用的線性混合效應模型分析。
- 理由:主要結局的分析方法在方法段事先寫明,並以 Bonferroni 校正多重比較,報告只呈現此一分析,看不出從多種分析中挑選結果,答「可能否」。