COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
淚膜破裂時間(第8週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為個體隨機、平行組、受試者盲、非穿透假針對照試驗,主要結局為非侵入性淚膜破裂時間(TFBUT)自基線到第 8 週的組間變化差異(真針灸優於假針,差異 -0.75 秒,P=0.02)。隨機化面向:第三方以 SPSS 產生隨機排列區塊序列、連續編號不透明密封信封依序開封,基線均衡,偏誤風險低。偏離介入(ITT)面向:受試者盲化成功、但施治針灸師未盲化,惟無因試驗情境造成的偏離,且採 mITT 分析、僅 1/90 排除,偏誤風險低。缺失資料面向:89/90 納入分析、缺失少且以 LOCF 補值、退出原因與真值關聯薄弱,偏誤風險低。結局測量面向:主要結局為 Keratograph 5M 自動客觀量測、評估者盲化,偏誤風險低。選擇性報告面向:試驗事前註冊(ChiCTR1800020132)+計畫書、主要結局與統計方法事前指定、各時間點完整報告,偏誤風險低。整體而言本主要結局各面向偏誤傾向偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:In a permuted block design stratified by current tobramycin-dexamethasone eye drops use... The randomization sequence was generated by a third party using SPSS 24.0.採依當前 tobramycin-dexamethasone 眼藥水使用與否分層的隨機排列區塊設計……隨機序列由第三方以 SPSS 24.0 產生。
- 理由:使用電腦(SPSS)產生的隨機排列區塊序列,含明確隨機成分,屬適當的隨機序列產生方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Consecutively numbered opaque sealed envelopes for each group were stored in a secure location and opened sequentially upon enrollment of a study participant by the research assistant.各組使用連續編號、不透明、密封的信封,存放於安全處,由研究助理在受試者納入時依序開封。
- 理由:序列由第三方產生,加上連續編號、不透明、密封、於納入時才依序開封的信封,符合分配隱匿的最低標準(信封法)。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups (Table 1).兩組的基線特徵相近(表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 各項基線特徵(年齡、性別、螢幕時間、TFBUT、OSDI 等)組間 P 值皆不顯著(0.15-1.00),組別人數 44 vs 46 接近 1:1,無暗示隨機化出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:This prospective, randomized, parallel, participant-masked, sham-controlled trial... a small plastic ring was fixed over the acupuncture point with plaster to facilitate maintenance of blinding for the participant... no significant difference was observed between scores for true acupuncture and sham acupuncture (all P > 0.05) (S4 Table).本為前瞻、隨機、平行、受試者盲的假針對照試驗……以膠布在穴位上固定小塑膠環以協助維持受試者盲化……真針與假針的(信度問卷)分數無顯著差異(皆 P>0.05)。
- 理由:受試者被盲化,且以塑膠環+非穿透假針模擬情境,治療信度問卷兩組相當、盲化成功,故受試者很可能不知道自己的分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants, assessors and the statisticians were masked to the treatment allocation, while open to the acupuncturists.受試者、評估者與統計人員對分組盲化,但針灸師知道分組。
- 理由:施治者(針灸師)明確未盲化、知道受試者屬真針或假針組。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:All other concomitant treatments for the disease were considered to violate the study protocol, for which participants were withdrawn.該疾病的所有其他併用治療皆視為違反研究計畫書,違反者退出試驗。
- 理由:雖然施治者未盲化,但無證據顯示因試驗情境而產生偏離計畫的介入;違反計畫(額外治療)者一律退出,且假針組操作(取針、模擬情境)與真針一致,未見因試驗情境造成的介入偏離。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Analyses were conducted on the basis of a modified intention-to-treat principle and involved only patients who had outcome measurements both at and after baseline.分析依修正意向治療(mITT)原則進行,僅納入在基線與基線後皆有結局量測的病人。
- 理由:採 mITT(排除無基線後量測者),依官方指引 mITT 屬適當分析;並以線性混合模型分析、對缺失以 LOCF 補值,估計指派效果的分析方法適當。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The missing data of the remaining 8 participants was imputed using the last observation carried forward method... Analysed (n=44)... Analysed (n=45).其餘 8 位受試者的缺失資料以末次觀測值結轉(LOCF)法補值……分析 n=44……分析 n=45。
- 理由:90 位隨機化中 89 位(44+45)納入分析,僅 1 位無任何基線後資料被排除;8 位部分缺失者以 LOCF 補入,幾乎所有受試者都有納入分析的結局資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Noninvasive TFBUT was measured using automated detection of the time point at which the tear film starts to break up. Three readings were averaged in each case.非侵入性 TFBUT 以自動偵測淚膜開始破裂時間點量測,每次取三讀數平均。
- 理由:以 Keratograph 5M 自動偵測量測淚膜破裂時間,為客觀、可重現的量測方法,測量方法本身適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the assessments were ordered as follows: OSDI→CDVA→TMH→noninvasive TFBUT→CFS→meiboscore.評估依序為:OSDI→CDVA→TMH→非侵入性 TFBUT→CFS→meiboscore。
- 理由:兩組採用相同的儀器與標準化量測流程,量測方法在組間一致。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants, assessors and the statisticians were masked to the treatment allocation, while open to the acupuncturists.受試者、評估者與統計人員對分組盲化,但針灸師知道分組。
- 理由:結局評估者(assessors)明確被盲化,不知道受試者屬真針或假針組。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The protocol (S1 protocol)... was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR1800020132)... The sample size was estimated using PASS 11.0, with noninvasive TFBUT as the designated primary outcome measures.研究計畫書(S1 protocol)……並於中國臨床試驗註冊中心註冊(ChiCTR1800020132)……以 PASS 11.0 估算樣本數,指定非侵入性 TFBUT 為主要結局量測。
- 理由:試驗有事前註冊與計畫書,主要結局(TFBUT)、樣本數與統計方法(線性混合模型、mITT)皆事前指定,數據很可能依事前計畫分析。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was noninvasive TFBUT and all other outcomes studied were considered secondary.主要結局為非侵入性 TFBUT,其餘所有結局皆列為次要結局。
- 理由:主要結局為單一明確指標(非侵入性 TFBUT,第 8 週變化量),各時間點(第 4/8/12 週)皆完整報告,未見從多個量測中挑選有利者。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Noninvasive TFBUT, OSDI score and TMH were analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures approach, with the change from baseline in the parameters at each scheduled visit at weeks 4, 8 and 12 after baseline as the dependent variables.非侵入性 TFBUT、OSDI 與 TMH 以重複測量線性混合模型分析,以各排定訪視(第 4、8、12 週)自基線的變化量為依變數。
- 理由:分析方法事前指定且單一(線性混合模型/Mann-Whitney U),對主要結局報告完整含各時間點與 95% CI,未見從多種分析中挑選有利結果。