COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
漏尿量變化(1小時尿墊,第8週)
← 回到「尿失禁」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、隨機、假電針對照、平行組設計,屬 add-on 架構(兩組皆做 PFMT,介入組加真電針、對照組加假電針)。主要結局為第 8 週以 1 小時尿墊測試量測的漏尿量自基線變化之組間比較(電針組 −9.8 g vs 假電針組 −5.8 g,差 4.0 g,95% CI 0.8–7.2,p<0.001)。隨機化採中國中醫科學院臨床評價中心的中央線上隨機系統(序列隨機、分配隱匿佳),基線特徵均衡,Domain 1 風險低。Domain 2:受試者以非穿透假針盲化、施針者無法盲化(2.2=Y),但無因試驗情境而生的協定偏離、兩組基礎療法一致;主要結局採 mITT(148/150、152/154,缺失未補值)為適當分析,偏誤風險低。Domain 3:主要結局資料完整度約 98.7%,脫落極少且原因與結局真值無關,風險低。Domain 4:結局為 ICS 標準 1 小時尿墊稱重、屬客觀量測且由明確盲化評估者執行,風險低。Domain 5:有倫理核准計畫書與試驗註冊、主要結局事前明訂且如實報告,惟統計分析計畫解盲前定案未逐字確認、註冊可能為回溯,5.1 給 PY。整體而言本結局各面向偏誤傾向低,主要不確定點在施針者無法盲化(add-on 客觀主結局下影響有限)與分析計畫定案時點未完全確認。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was carried out using a central randomized system for clinical research (provided by the Clinical Evaluation Center of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine). ... randomization personnel logged onto the central online system to apply for a randomization number.隨機化透過中國中醫科學院臨床評價中心提供的臨床研究中央隨機系統執行;隨機化人員登入中央線上系統索取隨機號碼。
- 理由:由正式的臨床評價中心提供的中央線上隨機系統產生分配號碼,屬含隨機成分的合格序列產生方式(非交替、日期等系統性方法),故判 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:When eligible subjects were being enrolled, randomization personnel logged onto the central online system to apply for a randomization number. Then the participants were randomly assigned to the PFMT + EA or the PFMT + sham EA group at a ratio of 1:1.合格受試者納入時,隨機化人員才登入中央線上系統索取隨機號碼,隨後以 1:1 分派到 PFMT+電針或 PFMT+假電針組。
- 理由:採第三方中央線上隨機(遠端集中分配),分配序列在納入並確認前無法被招募者預知,屬適當的分配隱匿,判 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The two groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics (Table 1). ... Most patients had mild or moderate SUI symptoms (96% ... vs 95.5% ...).兩組人口學與臨床特徵相似(表 1);多數患者為輕至中度壓力性尿失禁(96% 對 95.5%)。
- 理由:表 1 各基線變項組間 p 值皆不顯著(最低 0.06),基線漏尿量 13.6 vs 13.9 g 相近;組別人數 150 vs 154(4 名事後排除為不合格者),無提示隨機出問題的失衡,判 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The following individuals in the trial were blinded: (1) participants, which was achieved using a sham EA procedure ... specially designed placebo needles (size 0.30 × 25 mm) with a blunt tip were used ... without skin penetration. The same procedure for deqi was performed as in the PFMT + EA group.受試者採用假電針程序達成盲化;使用特製鈍頭安慰針不穿透皮膚,並施以與電針組相同的得氣程序。
- 理由:以非穿透式安慰針對受試者盲化、假電針程序與真電針一致,受試者應無法得知分組;但未報告盲化成功度的正式檢測,故以判斷給 PN 而非 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the PFMT + sham EA group received PFMT and sham EA. ... instead of using real acupuncture needles, specially designed placebo needles ... were used to penetrate the fixed pad on the skin surface but without skin penetration.假電針組接受 PFMT 加假電針;施術時以特製安慰針取代真針,只穿透固定墊、不穿透皮膚。
- 理由:施術的針灸師必須施予真針或假針,無法對施治者盲化(發放盲化名單僅含受試者、評估者、統計者,不含施針者),故 people delivering the interventions 知曉分組,判 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Both groups received the same standard PFMT protocol ... Use of other treatment for SUI: Weeks 2–8 0 ... Weeks 29–32 0.兩組接受相同標準 PFMT 方案;表 2 顯示兩組於治療與追蹤期使用其他 SUI 療法者皆為 0。
- 理由:兩組基礎療法一致,且表 2 記錄無人另用其他 SUI 治療,未見因試驗情境(招募/施治者破壞協定)而生、且不符協定的偏離,判 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Number of participants: 148 in the PFMT + sham EA group and 152 in the PFMT + EA group. ... Missing data were not imputed for analysis.分析人數為假電針組 148 人、電針組 152 人;缺失資料未做補值。
- 理由:主要結局分析納入 148/150 與 152/154(僅排除有缺失第 8 週資料者,及事後發現的不合格者),屬修正型意向治療(mITT,排除缺失結局者),RoB2 視 ITT 與 mITT 皆為適當分析,判 PY。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Number of participants: 148 in the PFMT + sham EA group and 152 in the PFMT + EA group. ... Among the 304 participants randomized, 286 completed the study.第 8 週主要結局分析人數為 148(假電針)與 152(電針);304 名隨機受試中 286 名完成研究。
- 理由:主要結局(第 8 週漏尿量)分析涵蓋 148/150 與 152/154,均約 98.7%,幾乎所有受試者皆有資料,判 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome measure was the change in urine leakage, measured using a 1-hr urine pad test as recommended by the ICS.主要結局為漏尿量變化,以國際尿控學會(ICS)建議的 1 小時尿墊測試量測。
- 理由:1 小時尿墊測試為 ICS 推薦、以稱重客觀量化漏尿量的標準方法,測量方式適當,判 N(測量方法並非不當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:measured using a 1-hr urine pad test as recommended by the ICS ... evaluation and recording of measurements were conducted by evaluators who did not know the grouping situation.以 ICS 建議的 1 小時尿墊測試量測,且由不知分組的評估者評估與記錄。
- 理由:兩組採相同的 1 小時尿墊稱重法、由同一批盲化評估者量測記錄,測量方法在兩組間不致不同,判 PN。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:evaluators (evaluation and recording of measurements were conducted by evaluators who did not know the grouping situation).評估者(量測的評估與記錄由不知分組情形的評估者執行)。
- 理由:主要結局由明確盲化、不知分組的評估者量測記錄,判 N(評估者不知曉介入)。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The study protocol (Supplementary material) was approved by the institutional review board of each hospital and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05053373. ... The primary outcome measure was the change in urine leakage, measured using a 1-hr urine pad test.研究計畫書(補充材料)經各院倫理委員會核准並於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT05053373);主要結局為以 1 小時尿墊測試量測的漏尿量變化。
- 理由:有經倫理委員會核准的計畫書與試驗註冊,主要結局(第 8 週 1 小時尿墊漏尿量變化)事前明訂且與報告一致,據此判 PY;惟統計分析計畫是否於解盲前定案未逐字說明、註冊可能為回溯,故給 PY 而非 Y。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome measure was the change in urine leakage, measured using a 1-hr urine pad test as recommended by the ICS.主要結局為以 ICS 建議之 1 小時尿墊測試量測的漏尿量變化。
- 理由:主要結局為單一事前明訂的量表與時間點(第 8 週 1 小時尿墊漏尿量變化),並如實報告,無跡象顯示結果係從多個量表/定義/時間點中依結果挑選,判 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:An independent-sample t test was used for continuous variables with a normal distribution ... The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of two groups after checking for normality.常態分布連續變項用獨立樣本 t 檢定;經常態檢定後以 Wilcoxon 等級和檢定比較兩組。
- 理由:分析方法事前依資料分布指定(常態用 t 檢定、非常態用 Wilcoxon),主要結局同時報告平均、中位數與調整後平均差,無跡象顯示係從多個分析中依結果挑選,判 PN。