COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
經痛 VAS(第 12 週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為四中心、假針對照的平行組 RCT(106 人,1:1)。隨機序列由獨立統計師電腦產生並以依序編號不透光信封隱匿,基線相當,隨機化過程偏誤風險低。受試者、資料收集者與統計師設盲,施針者知情,但兩組皆遵循計畫、無止痛藥使用,主要分析依 ITT 原則以線性混合模型進行。缺失僅 2 人(98% 有資料)。主要結局為受試者自評的經痛 VAS,因受試者依設計盲化,測量偏誤風險判為低;但假針施於肩部與上臂、淺刺不行針,與真針在部位與感受上差異明顯,且論文未評估盲化是否成功,此為主觀結局最主要的潛在偏誤來源。試驗有註冊與已發表計畫書,主要結局量表在招募前更改、分析方法依審稿人建議調整且敏感度分析一致,選擇性報告疑慮低。整體而言本結局偏誤傾向低,但受試者盲化程度未經驗證,解讀第 12 週療效時宜保留。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Random sequences with a permuted block schedule (block size of 4) and stratification by study sites were computer generated by an independent statistician who was not involved in recruitment, clinical care, and data collection隨機序列採區組大小 4 的置換區組、依試驗中心分層,由未參與招募、臨床照護與資料收集的獨立統計師以電腦產生。
- 理由:電腦產生的隨機序列,並依中心分層、區組隨機,屬適當的隨機方法。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The random numbers were concealed in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes, which were opened in order of enrollment to obtain the group assignments, such that no one was informed of the next patient's group assignment.隨機號碼封存於依序編號的不透光信封,依納入順序拆封取得分組,因此沒有人會事先知道下一位病人的分組。
- 理由:序列由獨立統計師產生且研究者無法取得,分配以依序編號不透光信封隱匿、依納入順序拆封,分配隱匿適當。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The age of the women; BMI; parity; presence/size of ovarian endometrioma; length/duration of menstrual cycle; serum CA-125 level; VAS scores for dysmenorrhea, nonmenstrual pelvic pain, and dyspareunia; and scores on the MPI, BDI, POMS, and EHP were comparable between groups兩組的年齡、BMI、生產次數、卵巢內膜異位瘤有無與大小、月經週期長度與經期天數、血清 CA-125、經痛/非經期骨盆痛/性交痛 VAS,以及 MPI、BDI、POMS、EHP 分數皆相當。
- 理由:基線經痛 VAS 為 7.8 對 7.6,各項特徵相近;卵巢內膜異位瘤比例 88.7% 對 98.1% 略有差距,但在 106 人的試驗中屬機率範圍內,未顯示隨機化有問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The consent form described the general location of all true and sham acupoints and informed participants that some of these acupoints would be selected for acupuncture. ... participants were separated from each other by bed curtains, and acupuncturists were prohibited from revealing details of the acupuncture treatment. Therefore, participants were blinded to their group assignment.同意書說明所有真穴與假穴的大致位置,並告知會從中選取部分穴位施針。……治療時受試者以床簾彼此隔開,施針者不得透露治療細節,因此受試者不知道自己的分組。
- 理由:採假針對照並以同意書措辭、床簾隔開等方式設計受試者盲化,依設計答 PN。但假針施於肩部與上臂、淺刺不行針,真針施於下腹與下肢並行針求得氣,部位與感受差異明顯,且論文自承未詢問受試者猜測分組、未評估盲化是否成功,盲化可能不完全。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Because of the nature of acupuncture treatment, the acupuncturists could not be blinded to group assignment由於針灸治療的性質,施針者無法對分組設盲。
- 理由:施針者知道受試者分組,屬針灸試驗的先天限制。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Except for those who dropped out, all participants strictly followed the protocol during the trial. No participants reported the use of analgesics during the trial.除退出者外,所有受試者在試驗期間都嚴格遵循試驗計畫;試驗期間沒有受試者報告使用止痛藥。
- 理由:施針者雖知分組,但論文表示其採標準化照護且不透露分組;兩組皆無人使用救援止痛藥,也禁止其他子宮內膜異位症治療,未見因試驗情境而生的介入偏離。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The main analysis of treatment effects was based on the full analysis set and intention-to-treat principle, without imputation for missing values. A linear mixed model, incorporating repeated-measures data, was used療效的主要分析依全分析集與意向治療原則進行,不插補缺失值;採納入重複測量資料的線性混合模型。
- 理由:主要分析依 ITT 原則,隨機分派的 106 人依原分組納入(流程圖各組 53 人進 ITT 分析),以線性混合模型處理重複測量,屬估計指派效果的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:106 eligible women were recruited (Fig. 1), of whom 104 completed all acupuncture treatments and follow-ups.共納入 106 位合格女性(圖 1),其中 104 位完成全部治療與追蹤。
- 理由:隨機分派 106 人,104 人(98%)有第 12 週結局資料;僅針灸組 2 人退出(1 人懷孕、1 人個人因素),假針組 0 人,幾乎所有受試者都有結局資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change in endometriosis-related pain, including dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and nonmenstrual pelvic pain, at week 12, as assessed by the VAS主要結局為第 12 週時子宮內膜異位相關疼痛(包含經痛、性交痛與非經期骨盆痛)的變化,以 VAS 評估。
- 理由:VAS 是評估疼痛強度的標準且經驗證的工具,量測方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the 12 weeks of intervention and 12 weeks of follow-up, the subjects scored their pain, including pain intensity (as assessed by the VAS score) and the cumulative duration of pain, in a pain diary.在 12 週治療與 12 週追蹤期間,受試者於疼痛日記記錄疼痛,包括疼痛強度(VAS)與累積疼痛時間。
- 理由:兩組使用相同的 VAS 與疼痛日記、相同時間點,量測方法在兩組間沒有差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:the subjects, staff responsible for data collection, and biostatistician were blinded as to the subject group.受試者、負責資料收集的人員與統計師皆不知分組。
- 理由:經痛 VAS 為受試者自評,評估者即受試者本人。受試者依設計被盲化,故答 PN;但如 2.1 所述,假針部位與感受和真針差異明顯且未評估盲化成功與否,存在受試者猜出分組的可能。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT03125304), and was published previously (16). ... the primary outcome was changed from the McGill scale to the VAS before the start of patient recruitment ... according to the advice of reviewers, the analysis of the primary outcome was altered to include the dataset without missing data imputation (originally imputed using the last observation carried forward method)試驗已於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT03125304),計畫書並已發表。……主要結局在開始招募病人前由 McGill 量表改為 VAS。……依審稿人建議,主要結局的分析改為不插補缺失資料的資料集(原本以最後觀察值推估法插補)。
- 理由:試驗有註冊並發表計畫書。主要結局量表的更改發生在招募前,不涉及結果;分析方法的更改(由 LOCF 改為不插補)雖發生在資料解盲後,但是依審稿人建議,與結果明顯無關,且另做多重插補敏感度分析結果一致(缺失僅 2 人,兩種處理差異極小)。依官方指引此類更改不構成疑慮,答 PY。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Changes in VAS scores for endometriosis-related pain at week 24 and the cumulative monthly duration of pelvic pain assessed at weeks 12 and 24 were considered secondary outcomes.第 24 週的子宮內膜異位相關疼痛 VAS 變化,以及第 12 與 24 週的每月骨盆腔疼痛累積時數列為次要結局。
- 理由:主要結局量表(VAS)與時間點(第 12 週)皆事先定義;論文完整報告經痛、非經期骨盆痛、性交痛三種疼痛 VAS 及第 12、24 週結果,包括不顯著者,沒有從多種量測中挑選的跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:None of the 4 sensitivity analyses showed substantial differences in any of the outcomes.4 項敏感度分析在任何結局上都沒有顯示實質差異。
- 理由:主要分析方法事先說明,終點值與變化量兩種呈現都有報告且方向一致,另報告調整共變項、多重插補、符合計畫書分析集等 4 項敏感度分析均無實質差異,沒有從多種分析中挑選結果的跡象。