COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
CSBM 反應者比例
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為中國 6 家醫院、100 名癌症 OIC 病人之多中心假電針對照 RCT,採集中式網路排列區組隨機化、分派隱匿充分、基線相近,隨機領域偏誤風險低。病人、結果評估者、資料管理者與統計師皆盲化、僅施針者未盲化;CSBM 為病人盲化下自填日記之結果、且採 ITT 分析,介入偏離與結果測量領域偏誤風險低。此 CSBM 反應者屬次要、探索性結果(週 1–8 EA 21/47 [44.7%] vs SA 9/45 [20.0%],P=.009;週 13–16 差異不顯著),日記資料 EA 缺失 6%、SA 缺失 10%,缺失原因與排便真值無明顯關聯且比例低、組間相近,缺失資料領域偏誤風險偏低但因屬探索性結果僅憑全文難完全排除。整體而言此結果偏誤風險可判為低至有些疑慮。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:patients were randomly assigned to receive either EA or SA through a centralized web-based randomization system at a ratio of 1:1 using permuted block randomization.病人經由集中式網路隨機分派系統,以 1:1 比例採排列區組隨機化,隨機分派接受 EA 或 SA。
- 理由:採集中式網路隨機系統+排列區組隨機化,明確含隨機成分,序列產生為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:patients were randomly assigned to receive either EA or SA through a centralized web-based randomization system at a ratio of 1:1病人經由集中式網路隨機分派系統,以 1:1 比例隨機分派接受 EA 或 SA。
- 理由:由集中式網路系統執行分派,屬第三方遠端中央隨機化,招募者於分派前無法預知下一個分派,分派隱匿充分。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline characteristics, including expectations of acupuncture, were similar between groups (Table 1; eTable 2 in Supplement 2).兩組的基線特徵(含對針灸的期待)相近(表 1;補充材料 2 之 eTable 2)。
- 理由:兩組各 50 人符合 1:1 預期分派比例,表 1 基線特徵(年齡、性別、ECOG、癌別、鴉片劑量、基線排便等)大致相近,未見不相容於隨機的失衡,未顯示隨機過程有問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, data managers, and the statistician (Y.L.) were blinded to group allocation, while acupuncturists were not. ... Before treatment, we told patients that they had a 50% chance of receiving conventional EA vs minimal EA (SA) with possible similar efficacy病人、結果評估者、資料管理者與統計師(Y.L.)對分組盲化,僅施針者未盲化;治療前告知病人有 50% 機會接受傳統 EA 或微針 EA(SA)、兩者療效可能相近。
- 理由:本研究為假電針對照、病人被盲化,且盲化評估顯示僅 73.9% 猜測,兩組猜測比例相近,故病人多半未察覺自身分派;判 PN。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, data managers, and the statistician (Y.L.) were blinded to group allocation, while acupuncturists were not.病人、結果評估者、資料管理者與統計師對分組盲化,惟施針者未盲化。
- 理由:施針者(介入提供者)明確未盲化,知道病人屬 EA 或 SA 組。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:During the trial, we discouraged patients from receiving other interventions for OIC. However, the use of bisacodyl suppository ... and/or a 110-mL glycerol enema as rescue medication was permitted if the patient had not had a bowel movement for 72 hours or more during the trial.試驗期間勸阻病人接受其他 OIC 介入;惟若 72 小時以上未排便,允許使用比沙可啶栓劑與/或甘油灌腸作為救援用藥。
- 理由:雖施針者未盲化,但兩組治療方案一致、救援用藥規則相同,且救援用藥使用率組間差異不大(週 1–8 EA 51.1% vs SA 66.7%,P=.12),無證據顯示因試驗情境造成偏離方案之介入。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The intention-to-treat population included all participants who were randomized according to randomized treatment assignment. Missing data on the primary outcome were imputed using the multiple imputation method under the missing at random assumption.意向治療族群納入所有依隨機分派分組之病人;主要結果之缺失資料採多重插補(在隨機缺失假設下)處理。
- 理由:依 ITT 原則,所有隨機病人按分派組別分析(圖 1 顯示兩組各 50 人納入 ITT 分析),分析方法適當以估計分派至介入之效應。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:stool diary data were partially missing for 3 patients (6.0%) in the EA group and 5 patients (10.0%) in the SA group. ... Patients with an increase of ≥1 mean weekly CSBMs ... Weeks 1-8: 21/47 (44.7) ... 9/45 (20.0)EA 組 3 人(6.0%)、SA 組 5 人(10.0%)的排便日記資料部分缺失;CSBM 增加至少 1 次反應者 週 1–8 EA 為 21/47、SA 為 9/45。
- 理由:此 CSBM 反應者結果以實測日記為分母(EA 46–47、SA 41–45),相對隨機 50 人有約 6–18% 缺失,並非全部或近乎全部均有資料;雖 ITT 主結果以多重插補補齊,但插補值應視為缺失資料,故判 PN。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Missing data on the primary outcome were imputed using the multiple imputation method under the missing at random assumption. To assess the robustness of the primary analyses, we conducted 4 sensitivity analyses主要結果缺失資料在隨機缺失假設下以多重插補處理;並進行 4 項敏感度分析以評估主要分析之穩健性。
- 理由:敏感度分析與插補係針對主要結果(overall responders),本 CSBM 反應者屬次要結果且明訂為探索性;多重插補(隨機缺失假設)不能保證校正因缺失依真值而生之偏誤,故無明確證據顯示此結果未受缺失影響,判 PN。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:stool diary data were partially missing for 3 patients (6.0%) in the EA group and 5 patients (10.0%) in the SA group.排便日記資料於 EA 組 3 人(6.0%)、SA 組 5 人(10.0%)部分缺失。
- 理由:缺失比例低(EA 6%、SA 10%),治療期失訪原因主要為不良事件、退出與死亡(與癌症病情有關,非排便結果本身),無證據顯示日記缺失取決於排便(CSBM)真值;判 PN。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:complete SBMs (CSBMs; defined as SBMs with the feeling of complete evacuation) ... An SBM was defined as a bowel movement occurring without the use of any rescue medicine or other interventions in the previous 24 hours.完全自主排便(CSBM)定義為具完全排空感之自主排便;自主排便定義為前 24 小時未使用任何救援用藥或其他介入下發生之排便。
- 理由:以病人排便日記記錄 CSBM 為 OIC 領域標準且預先指定之測量法,方法適當,未見不敏感或效度不佳之虞。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients ... recorded in the stool diary. ... Treatment protocols were otherwise the same for the 2 groups.病人以排便日記記錄;兩組治療方案除電流外大致相同。
- 理由:兩組均以相同的排便日記、相同定義與時間點測量 CSBM,且就診次數一致(皆 24 次),測量與確認方式不因組別而異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome assessors, data managers, and the statistician (Y.L.) were blinded to group allocation病人、結果評估者、資料管理者與統計師對分組盲化。
- 理由:CSBM 為病人自填日記之結果,結果評估者即病人本人;病人被盲化(假電針對照、盲化評估顯示兩組猜測相近),且正式結果評估者亦盲化,判 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The trial protocol (Supplement 1) was ... followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) reporting guideline.試驗方案(補充材料 1)依循 CONSORT 報告準則。
- 理由:有試驗方案與 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(NCT03797586),但僅憑全文無法逐一核對分析計畫,無法確認此 CSBM 反應者結果之計算與報告是否完全依預先指定計畫,判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Secondary outcomes included ... the proportion of patients with 3 or more mean weekly SBMs and CSBMs, and those with an increase of 1 or more mean weekly SBM and CSBMs from baseline during weeks 1 to 8 and weeks 13 to 16次要結果包含每週平均 CSBM 達 3 次以上者,以及週 1–8 與週 13–16 期間每週平均 CSBM 較基線增加 1 次以上者之比例。
- 理由:CSBM 反應者於方法之次要結果中即已明確定義,並在 Table 2 完整報告兩個時間段,無僅挑選有利時間段或定義之跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:No adjustment was made for multiple comparisons; therefore, secondary outcomes should be interpreted as exploratory.未對多重比較作校正,故次要結果應視為探索性。
- 理由:結果以單一預先指定之 CSBM 反應者定義報告,未見多重分析挑選最有利結果之跡象;唯次要結果明訂為探索性、未校正多重比較,整體無明顯選擇性報告。