COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
消化不良症狀分數(SDS) 治療4週
← 回到「消化不良」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
設計為個體隨機、平行組、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗(CSS 柴胡疏肝散 vs 外觀口味一致之安慰劑顆粒),主要結局為治療 4 週後 SDS 消化不良症狀分數之組間比較。隨機化:SPSS 產生隨機序列(1.1 Y)、由獨立製造公司控管盲性且藥物外觀一致提供分配隱匿(1.2 PY)、基線兩組均衡無不均(1.3 N),隨機化風險低。偏離介入(ITT):受試者與施治者皆盲化(2.1/2.2 N)、無試驗情境偏離、採 LOCF 填補並以指派分組分析(排除缺結局之退出者屬 mITT,2.6 PY),風險低。缺失資料:87/94(約 92.6%)有結局資料、退出原因(疫情、併用干擾藥)與症狀真值無關(3.1 PY、3.3/3.4 PN),風險低。結局測量:SDS 為適當量表、兩組一致,雙盲下病人/評估者盲化(4.1/4.3 N),風險低。選擇性報告:前瞻性註冊、主要結局事前登錄且與報告一致(5.1 PY、5.2/5.3 PN),風險低。整體而言本主要結局各面向偏誤傾向偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:SPSS 27.0 software was used to generate random numbers and groups.以 SPSS 27.0 軟體產生隨機號碼與分組。
- 理由:以統計軟體(SPSS 27.0)產生隨機序列,屬含隨機成分的序列產生方式,符合官方指引「使用電腦亂數即為適當」。答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The blind setting of this study was entrusted to a Chinese medicine granule manufacturing company. ... CSS granules placebo: CSS granules were diluted 10 times prepared with food coloring, flavoring and bittering agents to make them consistent with CSS granules in appearance and taste.本研究的盲性設定委由一家中藥顆粒製造公司負責。安慰劑顆粒以食用色素、調味與苦味劑處理,使其外觀與口味與 CSS 顆粒一致。
- 理由:雙盲、安慰劑顆粒外觀口味與試驗藥完全一致,且盲性/藥物調配委由獨立製造公司處理,等同以外觀相同的藥物容器達到分配隱匿,納入者即便知道序列也無從辨識或操縱分派。惟未明述序列表由誰保管、是否連號等細節,故給判斷值 PY 而非 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the participants, by group. Mean age ... P 0.176; Sex ... 0.175; Mean disease duration ... 0.576; Total symptoms score ... 0.11; Gastric emptying rate ... 0.818; HAMA global score ... 0.721; HAMD global score ... 0.405; FDDQL global score ... 0.575.表 2 兩組基線特徵:平均年齡 P=0.176、性別 0.175、病程 0.576、總症狀分數 0.11、胃排空率 0.818、HAMA 0.721、HAMD 0.405、FDDQL 0.575。
- 理由:兩組人數相等(47/47),所有基線變項組間差異皆 P>0.05、無任何達統計顯著的不均衡,符合隨機化預期,未見隨機化出問題的跡象。答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial ... CSS granules placebo ... to make them consistent with CSS granules in appearance and taste.隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗;安慰劑顆粒經處理使外觀與口味與 CSS 顆粒一致。
- 理由:雙盲設計,安慰劑與試驗藥外觀口味一致,受試者無法辨識自身分組;亦無中藥特異副作用可供推測分組。受試者對分派不知情,答 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A randomized, double-blind ... The blind setting of this study was entrusted to a Chinese medicine granule manufacturing company. ... the person in charge may apply for unblinding.隨機雙盲;盲性設定委由中藥顆粒製造公司負責,需要時由負責人申請解盲。
- 理由:雙盲、藥物外觀口味一致且盲性由獨立製造公司控管,僅於試驗結束或發生嚴重不良反應時申請解盲,施治者/照顧者於試驗期間對分組不知情。答 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The LOCF (Last observation carried forward) method was used to impute the missing data. ... Finally, 45 participants in the CSS group and 42 participants in the CSS placebo group had managed to finish the treatment.以 LOCF(末次觀察值前推)法填補缺失資料;最終 CSS 組 45 人、安慰劑組 42 人完成治療。
- 理由:採 LOCF 填補缺失並以指派分組分析,未見依實際接受治療重新分組的 as-treated 分析;分析僅排除退出而缺結局資料者(7/94),屬排除缺失結局的 mITT,官方指引認定 ITT 與此類 mITT 均為適當分析。答 PY。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:94 patients were successfully enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups (47 in the CSS group and 47 in the placebo group). ... Finally, 45 participants in the CSS group and 42 participants in the CSS placebo group had managed to finish the treatment.94 人成功納入並隨機分組(CSS 47、安慰劑 47);最終 CSS 組 45 人、安慰劑組 42 人完成治療。
- 理由:87/94(約 92.6%)有主要結局資料,退出僅 7 人(CSS 2、安慰劑 5),缺失比例低、絕大多數受試者皆有結局資料。答 PY。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was dyspepsia symptom scores, as determined by the SDS scale after four weeks of the treatment ... SDS evaluated four primary symptoms in FD. ... The scores were divided into 4°: absent = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, or severe = 3.主要結局為消化不良症狀分數,以 SDS 量表於治療 4 週後評估;SDS 評估 FD 四大主症狀,分為 absent=0、mild=1、moderate=2、severe=3。
- 理由:SDS 為評估功能性消化不良核心症狀的常用症狀分數量表,量測方法對此結局適當,兩組使用相同工具。答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:dyspepsia symptom scores, as determined by the SDS scale after four weeks of the treatment.以 SDS 量表於治療 4 週後測定消化不良症狀分數。
- 理由:兩組以同一 SDS 量表、同一時間點(治療 4 週後)量測,量測方法在組間一致。答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial ... to make them consistent with CSS granules in appearance and taste.隨機雙盲安慰劑對照試驗;安慰劑外觀口味與試驗藥一致。
- 理由:主要結局為症狀分數(病人主觀症狀),在雙盲且安慰劑外觀口味一致下,評估者(病人本身與研究者)對分組皆不知情,成功盲化。答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The registration number ChiCTR2100045793 was assigned by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 25 Mach 2021. ... adhered to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Good Clinical Practice (GCP). ... The primary outcome was dyspepsia symptom scores.本研究於 2021 年 3 月 25 日經中國臨床試驗註冊中心註冊(ChiCTR2100045793),遵循 CONSORT 與 GCP;主要結局為消化不良症狀分數。
- 理由:試驗於招募(2021 年 5 月)前已前瞻性註冊(2021 年 3 月),主要結局(消化不良症狀分數)事前登錄且與報告一致,並聲明遵循 CONSORT/GCP,提供依事前計畫分析的合理依據。惟未見完整統計分析計畫原文確認解盲前定案,故給 PY。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was dyspepsia symptom scores ... For the primary outcome, after 4 weeks of treatment, the SDS score exhibited a significant decrease in the CSS group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.882; P < 0.001).主要結局為消化不良症狀分數;治療 4 週後 CSS 組 SDS 分數較安慰劑組顯著下降(t=4.882;P<0.001)。
- 理由:主要結局明訂為 SDS 症狀分數,僅單一量表、單一時間點,並報告總分與各症狀次分數,未見從多種量測中挑選有利者的跡象。答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The LOCF (Last observation carried forward) method was used to impute the missing data. ... Continuous variables were calculated using either the independent sample t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.以 LOCF 填補缺失;連續變項以獨立樣本 t 檢定或 Wilcoxon 秩和檢定分析。
- 理由:報告採單一預設分析方法(LOCF+t/Wilcoxon),未見多重分析或次組別中擇優呈現的跡象。答 PN。