COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
IBS-SSS 總分變化
← 回到「腸躁症」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
此為多中心、假針灸對照的隨機對照試驗:由獨立生物統計學家以 R 產生動態區組隨機序列、經中央網路系統分派並由獨立人員保管分配,隨機化過程穩健且基線配對良好,第一領域風險低。施針者無法盲化,但患者、結果評估者與統計人員均盲化,且兩組合併用藥無差異、無因試驗情境而生的方案偏離;全部 170 位隨機者均納入 ITT、以多重插補處理遺漏值,分派效果分析適當,第二領域風險低。整體至第 8 週僅 6% 流失且兩組均衡,遺漏結果資料風險低。主要結果 IBS-SSS 為已驗證量表,且採可穿刺假針灸使患者盲化並評估盲性成功,測量偏誤風險低。試驗有事先發表的方案與統計分析計畫,主要結果與分析皆與計畫一致並有敏感度分析佐證,報告結果選擇性偏誤風險低。綜合各領域,本結果整體偏誤風險為低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the TA or SA groups by a central web-based randomization system. Dynamic block randomization was used, and the block size was set at 4 or 6. A randomization sequence was generated by an independent biostatistician using R software (version 4.0.1).符合資格的患者以 1:1 的比例經由中央網路隨機分派系統隨機分配至真針灸(TA)或假針灸(SA)組。採用動態區組隨機,區組大小設為 4 或 6。隨機序列由一位獨立的生物統計學家使用 R 軟體(4.0.1 版)產生。
- 理由:由獨立生物統計學家以 R 軟體產生隨機序列、採動態區組隨機,明確使用隨機成分,屬充分的隨機序列產生。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Allocation was concealed, with group assignments stored by a research assistant who did not take part in enrollment, treatment, or assessment. The clinical research coordinators obtained the random allocation number through a dedicated network port randomization process when eligible patients enrolled in the trial.分配是被隱匿的,分組指派由一位未參與招募、治療或評估的研究助理保管。臨床研究協調員在符合資格的患者納入試驗時,透過專用網路埠隨機化流程取得隨機分配號碼。
- 理由:採中央網路隨機系統、分配結果由獨立於招募/治療/評估的人員保管,且納入時才透過專用網路埠取得分配號碼,屬有效的分配隱匿。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline characteristics were comparable across the two groups. ... There was no difference between groups regarding the usual risk factors for IBS, such as the sex ratio ... and age, which confirmed that the groups were well matched.兩組的基線特徵相當。……兩組在 IBS 的常見危險因子(如性別比與年齡)方面沒有差異,證實兩組配對良好。
- 理由:Table 1 顯示兩組在年齡、性別、病程、IBS 亞型與各量表基線分數均相近,無提示隨機化出問題的失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome evaluators, and statisticians were blinded to group allocation. ... SA was performed at predefined bilateral sites (nonacupoints 1-6) that did not correspond to the acupoints used in the TA group ... needles were inserted to a slightly shallower depth than in TA and were not manipulated to induce the "deqi" sensation.患者、結果評估者與統計人員對分組均為盲性。……假針灸於預先設定的雙側部位(非穴位 1–6)施作,不對應真針灸組所用的穴位……針刺深度略淺於真針灸,且不施以手法引發「得氣」感。
- 理由:患者被盲化,且採用淺刺、非穴位、不行針的假針灸對照以維持患者盲性;論文另有盲性成功評估(Table S14),故判定患者不知曉所受介入。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:However, the acupuncturists could not be blinded to group allocation.然而,施針者無法對分組進行盲性。
- 理由:施針者(介入提供者)明確無法被盲化,必然知曉患者的分派組別。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Both groups received treatment as usual (TAU) ... Any changes in the medications of individual participants were recorded on defecation diary cards. ... There was no difference in the number of patients using new pharmacological drugs (including rescue medication) between the two groups (Table S6).兩組皆持續接受常規治療(TAU)……個別受試者用藥的任何變動皆記錄於排便日記卡上。……兩組之間使用新藥(含救援藥物)的患者人數沒有差異(Table S6)。
- 理由:雖施針者未盲化,但兩組合併用藥(含新藥/救援藥)人數無差異,無證據顯示因試驗情境而產生偏離方案的介入,故判定無此類偏離。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A total of 521 participants were screened, and 170 patients (85 patients per group) were enrolled and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. ... Intention-to-treat (ITT) populations were used in all efficacy analyses. Missing data on primary outcomes were handled using a multiple imputation procedure in R.共篩檢 521 位受試者,納入 170 位患者(每組 85 位)並進行意向治療分析。……所有療效分析皆採意向治療(ITT)族群。主要結果的遺漏資料以 R 軟體之多重插補程序處理。
- 理由:全部 170 位隨機分派者(每組 85)均納入 ITT 分析、依分派組別分析、並以多重插補處理遺漏值,屬估計分派效果的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A total of 160 patients completed all outcome measurements at week 8, and 10 patients (6%) dropped out of the study ... (5 in the TA group and 5 in the SA group). Thus, 85 patients per group were included in the ITT analyses. ... Missing data on primary outcomes were handled using a multiple imputation procedure in R.共有 160 位患者完成第 8 週的所有結果測量,10 位患者(6%)退出研究(真針灸組 5 位、假針灸組 5 位)。因此每組 85 位納入 ITT 分析。……主要結果的遺漏資料以 R 軟體之多重插補程序處理。
- 理由:本主要結果(第 4 週 IBS-SSS)在第 4 週時退出極少;整體至第 8 週僅 6% 流失且兩組均衡(各 5 位),對連續型結果而言資料近乎完整,足以支持判定接近全部受試者皆有資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The IBS-SSS is a validated scoring system that reflects the severity of abdominal pain, frequency of abdominal pain, severity of abdominal distension, satisfaction with bowel habits and interference with QOL.IBS-SSS 是一套已驗證的評分系統,反映腹痛嚴重度、腹痛頻率、腹脹嚴重度、對排便習慣的滿意度及對生活品質的干擾。
- 理由:IBS-SSS 為廣泛使用、已驗證的 IBS 症狀嚴重度量表,對本結果為適當的測量方法。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients received baseline assessments ... All patients received baseline assessments ... A positive IBS-SSS response was defined as a 50-point reduction in IBS-SSS total scores.所有患者皆接受基線評估……以相同方式於各時間點對兩組施測;正向 IBS-SSS 反應定義為 IBS-SSS 總分下降 50 分。
- 理由:兩組以相同量表、相同時間點與相同定義測量 IBS-SSS,測量方法在組間一致,無差異性確認問題。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Patients, outcome evaluators, and statisticians were blinded to group allocation.患者、結果評估者與統計人員對分組均為盲性。
- 理由:IBS-SSS 為患者自陳結果,評估者即患者本人;患者雖被盲化,但對病人自陳結果而言評估者(患者)原則上知曉自身介入經驗,故依指引判定為可能知曉。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:SA was performed at predefined bilateral sites (nonacupoints 1-6) ... needles were inserted to a slightly shallower depth than in TA and were not manipulated to induce the "deqi" sensation. ... The results of the assessment examining blinding success are shown in Table S14.假針灸於預先設定的非穴位部位施作……針刺深度略淺且不行針引發得氣感。……盲性成功的評估結果見 Table S14。
- 理由:採可穿刺的假針灸使患者盲化、並評估盲性成功;在患者無法辨識所受真假針灸的情況下,自陳結果不易因介入知識而系統性偏移,故判定評估不太可能被介入知識影響。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The protocol, standard operation process and statistical analysis plan have been previously published. ... and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov.本研究的試驗方案、標準操作流程與統計分析計畫已事先發表,並於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊。
- 理由:試驗有事先發表的方案與統計分析計畫並完成註冊,主要結果(第 4 週 IBS-SSS、以校正基線之 ANCOVA 分析)與預定計畫一致,判定資料係依事先擬定之分析計畫分析。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the change in IBS-SSS total scores from baseline to week 4.主要結果為 IBS-SSS 總分自基線至第 4 週的變化。
- 理由:主要結果在方案中明確指定為單一量表、單一時間點(第 4 週 IBS-SSS 變化)並如實完整報告,無從多種量表/時間點中擇優呈現之跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was assessed using analysis of covariance and adjusted for baseline total IBS-SSS. ... Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses (Tables S9 and S10), and prespecified covariates had no significant effect on the results.主要結果以共變數分析(ANCOVA)並校正基線 IBS-SSS 總分進行評估。……敏感度分析結果相似(Tables S9 與 S10),且預先設定的共變數對結果無顯著影響。
- 理由:主要分析採事先指定的校正基線 ANCOVA,並另報告多項敏感度分析,所有結果方向一致,無從多種分析中依結果擇優報告的跡象。