COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
首次排便時間(小時)
← 回到「腸阻塞」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為單中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗,以 SAS 軟體執行區組隨機化、並透過中央網路互動式系統分配,隨機化過程偏誤風險低。受試者、研究者、結局評估者與統計師全程盲化,安慰劑於外觀口味等完全一致,採 ITT 分析並將中斷者保留於原組,偏離介入導致的偏誤風險低。108 名隨機者僅 1 名因事後確認不符資格被剔除,其餘全數納入 ITT,缺失結局資料極少,相關偏誤風險低。主要結局「首次排便時間(小時)」為客觀、預先指定的測量,兩組以相同盲化方法評估,測量偏誤風險低。試驗已前瞻性註冊且主要結局唯一明確,但未提供可核對的統計分析計畫,5.1 判為 NI,故報告結果選擇之偏誤為 some concerns;整體而言本結局偏誤風險偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A block randomization procedure was performed by the Key Unit of Methodology in Clinical Research at GPHCM using SAS 9.2 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA).由臨床研究方法學重點單位以 SAS 9.2 軟體執行區組隨機化。
- 理由:明確以 SAS 軟體產生區組隨機序列,屬含隨機成分的方法,分配序列為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:randomization was performed shortly after surgery through the central web-based interactive randomization service system run by GPHCM於術後不久透過 GPHCM 運作的中央網路互動式隨機化服務系統進行隨機分配。
- 理由:採中央網路互動式隨機化系統分配,屬遠端集中分配機制,登錄者無法預知後續分配,分配隱蔽充分。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:There was no difference between the two groups regarding the usual risk factors for POI, such as age, male, body mass index, tumor site, history of abdominal surgery, history of underlying disease or surgical time (P>0.05), which confirmed that the groups were well matched.兩組在年齡、性別、BMI、腫瘤位置、腹部手術史、基礎疾病史與手術時間等 POI 常見危險因子上無差異(P>0.05),組間配對良好。
- 理由:各主要預後因子均衡。雖術中出血量中位數有統計顯著差異(30 vs 20 mL,P=0.002),但絕對差距極小、非結局關鍵預後因子,屬可由機運解釋的次要差異,不提示隨機化有問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants, investigators, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to treatment allocation throughout data collection and analysis. ... The placebo was composed of starch with no active ingredients, and was identical to WDG in weight, appearance, labeling, packaging and taste.受試者、研究者、結局評估者與統計師於資料收集與分析全程對分配盲化;安慰劑為澱粉、無活性成分,於重量、外觀、標示、包裝、口味與五達顆粒完全相同。
- 理由:雙盲設計,安慰劑與試驗藥在各項感官特徵完全一致,受試者無法得知所分配介入。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants, investigators, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to treatment allocation throughout data collection and analysis. ... the packaging and labeling were conducted by medical staff independent from the research team.受試者、研究者、結局評估者與統計師全程盲化;包裝與標示由獨立於研究團隊的醫護人員執行。
- 理由:照護與執行介入的研究者亦盲化,且藥物包裝標示由獨立人員處理,照護者無法得知分組。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All analyses were based on the principle of intention-to-treat (ITT). ... These 3 patients were retained in the final analysis. A total of 107 patients [53 in the WDG group and 54 in the placebo group] ... were included in the ITT analysis.所有分析皆依意向治療(ITT)原則進行;3 名中斷介入者仍保留於最終分析,共 107 名(WDG 組 53、安慰劑組 54)納入 ITT 分析。
- 理由:採 ITT 分析,依隨機分組分析,且中斷介入者仍保留於原組,屬適當的意向治療估計方法。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:After randomization, 1 patient in WDG group was eliminated from the study for having undergone extended radical surgery. Three patients, 2 from the WDG group and 1 from the placebo group, discontinued intervention on postoperative day 2, and the remaining 104 patients completed the study. ... These 3 patients were retained in the final analysis. A total of 107 patients ... were included in the ITT analysis.隨機後 1 名 WDG 組因接受擴大根治術被剔除(不符資格);3 名(WDG 2、安慰劑 1)於術後第 2 日中斷介入但仍保留於分析,其餘 104 名完成研究,共 107 名納入 ITT。
- 理由:108 名隨機者中僅 1 名因事後確認不符資格被剔除,其餘 107 名全數納入 ITT 分析,連續型結局資料近乎完整(缺失極少且為合理排除),可排除缺失資料導致的偏誤。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was the time to first defecation ... measured in hours, from the end of the surgery to the first defecation.主要結局為首次排便時間,以小時計,自手術結束至首次排便。
- 理由:以小時記錄首次排便時間,為客觀、明確且預先指定的測量方式,對此結局而言適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:obtained from the patient record card filled out daily with assistance from an investigator ... the investigators evaluated and checked the patient record card 3 times a day ... until discharge.由每日填寫的病人記錄卡取得(由研究者協助),研究者每日 3 次評估核對記錄卡至出院。
- 理由:兩組皆以相同的病人記錄卡與固定查核時程測量結局,在雙盲下測量方法一致,不會因組別不同而有系統性差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The participants, investigators, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to treatment allocation throughout data collection and analysis.受試者、研究者、結局評估者與統計師於資料收集與分析全程對分配盲化。
- 理由:結局評估者(含協助記錄的研究者及作為記錄來源的受試者)皆盲化,無法得知所接受之介入。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on May 12, 2021 (No. ChiCTR2100046242).於 2021 年 5 月 12 日在中國臨床試驗註冊中心註冊(編號 ChiCTR2100046242)。
- 理由:試驗已前瞻性註冊,但報告未提供可供核對的完整統計分析計畫、亦未說明分析計畫是否於取得未盲資料前定稿,無法確認,故判 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was time to first defecation. ... only the time to first defecation was used as the primary outcome measure in this trial.主要結局為首次排便時間;本試驗僅以首次排便時間作為主要結局指標。
- 理由:首次排便時間為註冊與報告中明確且唯一指定的主要結局測量,以小時量測,並無多種合格量表/時間點可供依結果挑選,提示選擇性報告之風險低。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Group differences between the WDG and placebo groups were examined using t tests for normally distributed continuous variables, or Mann-Whitney U tests for non-normally distributed continuous variables. ... The Kaplan–Meier analysis was also used to compare the time-to-event outcomes, with comparison of groups by the Breslow (Generalized Wilcoxon) test.兩組差異以 t 檢定(常態)或 Mann-Whitney U 檢定(非常態)檢驗,並以 Kaplan–Meier 分析配合 Breslow(廣義 Wilcoxon)檢定比較事件時間結局。
- 理由:分析方法依資料分佈事先界定並一致報告(含均數差與 K-M 生存分析),主要結局結果完整呈現,無證據顯示自多種合格分析中依結果挑選,選擇性報告風險低。