COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
胃食道逆流症狀分數
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為個別隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照之加成設計(兩組均服 rabeprazole,差別僅在舒肝和胃方真藥對安慰劑顆粒),以胃食道逆流症狀分數於 8 週之組間比較為本次評讀結果。隨機序列以 SPSS 產生並由獨立統計師執行分層隨機、分配以緊急信封與專責發藥控管,基線各項特徵與基線症狀分數皆無顯著失衡,隨機領域風險低。安慰劑與真藥在外觀、味道、氣味等各方面基本一致且全程雙盲,參與者與給藥者皆盲化;主要分析採 FAS(保留隨機分組、含退出者之近似 ITT),偏離介入領域風險低。264 名隨機者中 22 名退出(約 8.3%,兩組相近、原因多為失訪/拒絕,與結果真值關聯薄弱),8 週仍有約九成資料,缺失資料領域風險低;結果為病人自評且盲化,量測領域風險低。唯全文未提供試驗註冊號或事前分析計畫(5.1 無資訊),選擇性報告領域存些許疑慮,但結果為明列之次要終點、各時點均完整呈報,未見擇優報告跡象。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Random sequences for the allocation of participants into the treatment and control groups were generated using SPSS 21.0 statistical software.治療組與對照組之分配隨機序列以 SPSS 21.0 統計軟體產生。
- 理由:明確使用電腦軟體(SPSS 21.0)產生隨機序列,且採中心、性別、病種分層隨機並配對,含真正的隨機成分,故分配序列為隨機。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:a statistician affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, who was not part of the clinical trial team, oversaw the blinded randomization of drug allocation. ... an emergency letter was prepared for each case. The envelope holding the emergency letter was clearly marked with the patient's center number, patient number, drug code, and randomization number.由非臨床試驗團隊成員之統計師監督藥物分配之盲化隨機;每位個案皆備有緊急信封,信封外標示中心號、病人號、藥物代碼與隨機號。
- 理由:隨機由獨立統計師執行、發藥由專責人員依個案號與隨機號發放(不更動藥號順序),各個案備獨立緊急(拆盲)信封,藥盒外觀一致且編號;屬集中、由獨立單位控管之分配流程,配合安慰劑雙盲,足以判斷分配在納入與指派前已被隱蔽,惟細節未逐一描述故為 PY。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There were no statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics (gender, age, BMI index), medical history data ... There were no differences in total symptom scores between the treatment and control groups before interventions (F=0.549, P=0.459), suggesting the same baseline between the two groups.兩組於人口學特徵(性別、年齡、BMI)、病史資料等均無統計顯著差異;介入前兩組總症狀分數亦無差異(F=0.549, P=0.459),顯示基線一致。
- 理由:兩組各 132 人符合 1:1 設計,基線多項特徵(性別、年齡、BMI、病程、PPI 種類與療程、合併用藥、過敏史、共病、生命徵象、各系統檢查、基線症狀分數)皆 P>0.05,無提示隨機過程問題之失衡。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The dummy SHF granules were formulated by cyclodextrin (90%), the SHF (5%), food colorants, and bitters using the same manufacturing procedure as the genuine therapeutic medication. The dummy SHF granules was essentially the same in appearance, size, color, dosage form, weight, taste and odor as the SHF granules.安慰劑 SHF 顆粒由環糊精(90%)、SHF(5%)、食用色素與苦味劑依與真藥相同製程製成;其外觀、大小、顏色、劑型、重量、味道與氣味與真 SHF 顆粒基本相同。
- 理由:本研究為加成設計,兩組均服 rabeprazole,差別僅在 SHF 真藥對安慰劑顆粒,且安慰劑於各項感官性質與真藥一致並雙盲,受試者無從得知自己分組,故參與者對所分配介入不知情。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:This clinical trial was conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki ... randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ... The dummy SHF granules was essentially the same in appearance, size, color, dosage form, weight, taste and odor as the SHF granules.本研究為隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗;安慰劑顆粒在外觀、大小、顏色、劑型、重量、味道與氣味上與真藥基本相同。
- 理由:雙盲設計,藥物以代碼發放、安慰劑與真藥不可分辨,照護者與給藥者亦無法辨識分組;故照護與給藥人員對所分配介入不知情。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The full analysis set (FAS) primarily comprised eligible cases and dropout cases while excluding excluded cases. This analysis consisted of cases who have taken the investigational drug at least once and have at least one baseline efficacy data. ... As the trends in the results of the FAS and PPS data analyses were essentially identical, the subsequent data analysis primarily relied on the FAS data analysis.FAS 主要包含合格個案與退出個案、僅排除被排除個案,凡服用試驗藥物至少一次且有至少一筆基線療效資料者即納入;FAS 與 PPS 趨勢一致,主要分析依 FAS。
- 理由:主要分析採 FAS(納入所有隨機且服藥至少一次、具基線資料者,含退出者),屬保留隨機分組之 ITT/修正式 ITT 分析;Table 2 顯示 22 名退出者全數計入 FAS,符合適當分析原則。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:During the study period, a total of 22 patients were shed and the dislodgement rate was 8.33%, which included 11 lost to follow-up, 8 cases refused treatment, 2 patients left due to adverse events, and 1 case were pregnant. ... 2 weeks Treatment group ... Totals 126 ... 8 weeks Treatment group ... 120 ... Control group ... 122.研究期間共 22 名退出,退出率 8.33%(11 失訪、8 拒絕治療、2 因不良事件、1 懷孕);8 週時治療組 120 人、對照組 122 人有資料。
- 理由:264 名隨機者中 22 名退出(約 8.3%),8 週時症狀分數仍有約 120/122(91%/92%)有資料;雖未達全數,但缺失比例不大且兩組相近,對連續型結果估計影響有限,故近乎全部可得。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The clinical symptom score was developed following the diagnostic criteria outlined in the 2006 China Consensus on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and adheres to the "Guiding Principles for Clinical Research of New Traditional Chinese Medicine".臨床症狀評分依 2006 年中國胃食道逆流病共識診斷標準並參照《中藥新藥臨床研究指導原則》制定。
- 理由:以既有共識與指導原則制定之 GERD 症狀分數量表評估反流症狀,量表對該族群之症狀變化具敏感性,量測方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Both groups undergo 8 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks of follow-up. ... a generalized estimation equation (GZZ) was used.兩組均接受 8 週治療與 2 週追蹤,於相同時間點以相同方法量測並以廣義估計方程式分析。
- 理由:兩組為加成設計、療程與追蹤節點一致,皆於相同時間點用同一症狀分數量表量測,量測方法與時點在兩組間無差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ... The dummy SHF granules was essentially the same in appearance, size, color, dosage form, weight, taste and odor as the SHF granules.隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗;安慰劑與真藥於各感官性質基本相同。
- 理由:本結果為病人自評之症狀分數,結果評估者即受試者;雙盲且安慰劑與真藥不可分辨,故結果評估者(受試者)對所受介入不知情。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:The study protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ethics No. 2013-060).研究計畫書經上海中醫藥大學附屬岳陽中西醫結合醫院倫理委員會核准(倫理編號 2013-060)。
- 理由:文中提及有倫理核准之計畫書,但全文未提供試驗註冊號或可取得之事前計畫書/分析計畫,無法核對分析是否事先指定,故為無資訊。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary endpoint was clinical symptoms total efficacy, and secondary endpoints included clinical symptom score, SF-36 score, safety indicator, and adverse events.主要終點為臨床症狀總有效率,次要終點包含臨床症狀分數、SF-36 分數、安全性指標與不良事件。
- 理由:本胃食道逆流症狀分數屬文中明列之次要終點,並依事前界定之 FAS/PPS 資料集與多時間點 WRS/GEE 方法分析、各時點結果完整呈現,無僅挑選有利結果分析之跡象,惟無事前計畫書可完全排除,故 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:WRS test showed that ... After 8 weeks of treatment, a statistically significant difference was observed in these main symptoms between the two groups of patients (P<0.05). ... Comparison between groups ... Treatment for 8 weeks ... P <0.001.WRS 檢定顯示 8 週治療後兩組主要症狀有統計顯著差異(P<0.05);組間比較 8 週時 P<0.001。
- 理由:總症狀分數以單一既定量表、單一分析(FAS 為主、PPS 為敏感度),各時間點皆呈報組內與組間結果,無多重量測或多重分析擇優呈報之證據。