COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
DAS28 疾病活動度(12週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本研究為 4 中心、平行兩臂、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗(蠲痹丸+MTX vs 安慰劑+MTX,療程 12 週、追蹤至 48 週),主要結局為 DAS28-ESR 與 DAS28-CRP。隨機化以 Excel 亂數清單生成(1.1 適當),由獨立藥廠中央分派、清單鎖存(1.2 隱匿良好),基線各特徵組間無顯著差異(1.3 無失衡)。盲性方面採外觀口感一致之模擬安慰劑,受試者、醫師、護理師、結局量測者與統計人員全程盲化,偏離介入與結局測量之偏誤風險低(Domain 2、4 面向佳);分析採 ITT+LOCF(2.6 適當)。缺失資料極少(4/115,兩組各 2,約 3.5%)且對稱(Domain 3 低風險)。選擇性報告方面試驗已註冊並有已發表方案、主要結局事前明訂且完整報告(Domain 5 大致低風險,5.1 因無法逐字核對解盲前定案之統計分析計畫而保守給 PY)。整體而言本主要結局(DAS28)之偏誤傾向偏低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A random number list was generated using Excel (Office 2016, Microsoft Corp., USA) to randomize participants to either the JBP group or the placebo group in a 1:1 ratio.使用 Excel(Office 2016)產生亂數清單,以 1:1 比例將受試者隨機分配到蠲痹丸組或安慰劑組。
- 理由:以電腦(Excel)產生亂數清單分派,屬含隨機成分的序列生成;摘要另述「隨機號碼表法」。皆為適當的隨機化方法,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was conducted by a credible pharmaceutical manufacturer (Jiangyin Tianjiang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)... When a participant was recruited, the investigator provided a number of pharmaceutical manufacturers, and the pharmaceutical manufacturer randomly sent the JBP or placebo to the participant according to a random number list. The number provided and corresponding number list were recorded and stored in a locked cabinet at the pharmaceutical company.隨機化由具公信力的藥廠(江陰天江藥業)執行……受試者納入時,研究者向藥廠提供一個編號,藥廠依亂數清單將蠲痹丸或安慰劑送給受試者。所提供的編號與對應清單被記錄並鎖存於藥廠的上鎖櫃中。
- 理由:分配由獨立於招募人員的第三方藥廠中央執行,藥物與安慰劑外觀(形狀/氣味/顏色/味道)一致並依序編號寄送,亂數清單鎖存於藥廠,招募者無法預知下一個分派,屬適當的分配隱匿,故答 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No statistically significant difference was observed in demographic data between the JBP and placebo groups (P>0.05, Table 1).蠲痹丸組與安慰劑組之人口學資料無統計顯著差異(P>0.05,表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 各基線特徵(含主要結局基線 DAS28-ESR P=0.99、DAS28-CRP P=0.49)組間 P 值皆不顯著,組別人數 57 對 58 接近 1:1,無暗示隨機化出問題的失衡,故答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the investigator, physicians, nurses, outcome measurement operator, statisticians, and the participants were blinded to the group information until the end of the trial... The placebo contained 10% JBP and 90% excipients... and had a shape, smell, color, and taste similar to the actual JBP.研究者、醫師、護理師、結局量測人員、統計人員與受試者,直到試驗結束前皆對分組保持盲性……安慰劑含 10% 蠲痹丸與 90% 賦形劑……在形狀、氣味、顏色與味道上與真正的蠲痹丸相似。
- 理由:受試者被明確盲化,且安慰劑在外觀口感上與試驗藥高度相似(模擬劑),受試者難以由藥物特徵辨識分組,故答 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The pharmaceutical company staff did not participate in the trial, and the investigator, physicians, nurses, outcome measurement operator, statisticians, and the participants were blinded to the group information until the end of the trial when all the statistical analyses were completed.藥廠人員不參與試驗,且研究者、醫師、護理師、結局量測人員、統計人員與受試者,直到試驗結束、所有統計分析完成前,皆對分組保持盲性。
- 理由:施治的醫師、護理師與研究者均被明確盲化,分派由不參與試驗的藥廠中央控管,故照顧者/施治者不知分組,答 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Efficacy and safety analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The method of the last observation carried forward was applied to the analysis of missing values.療效與安全性分析依意向治療(ITT)原則進行。缺失值採末次觀測值結轉(LOCF)法處理。
- 理由:明確採 ITT 原則分析、以 LOCF 處理缺失值,受試者依指派分組分析,屬估計指派效果的適當分析,故答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Two (3.6%) participants in the JBP group and 2 (3.5%) in the placebo group were lost to follow-up before study completion.... The method of the last observation carried forward was applied to the analysis of missing values.蠲痹丸組 2 人(3.6%)、安慰劑組 2 人(3.5%)於試驗完成前失訪……缺失值以末次觀測值結轉(LOCF)處理。
- 理由:115 位隨機受試者中僅 4 位(約 3.5%)失訪,兩組近乎相同,且 ITT 分析以 LOCF 納入所有隨機受試者,幾乎所有人皆有結局資料,故答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcomes were the 28-joint DAS using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and 28-joint DAS using C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP).主要結局為採紅血球沉降速率的 28 關節疾病活動度分數(DAS28-ESR)與採 C 反應蛋白的 28 關節疾病活動度分數(DAS28-CRP)。
- 理由:DAS28 是 EULAR 發展並驗證、臨床試驗常用的標準複合量表(結合關節計數、發炎指標 ESR/CRP 與病人整體評估),量測方法對兩組皆適當,故答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:unified training was performed to ensure that the multicenter physicians, nurses, and outcome measurement operators involved in the trials fully understood the process of the entire trial.進行統一訓練,確保參與試驗的多中心醫師、護理師與結局量測人員完全瞭解整個試驗流程。
- 理由:兩組使用相同的 DAS28 量測方法與統一訓練的量測人員,且雙盲,量測方式在組間不會不同,故答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the investigator, physicians, nurses, outcome measurement operator, statisticians, and the participants were blinded to the group information until the end of the trial.研究者、醫師、護理師、結局量測人員、統計人員與受試者,直到試驗結束前皆對分組保持盲性。
- 理由:結局量測人員被明確盲化;DAS28 含病人整體 VAS,但受試者亦被有效盲化(模擬安慰劑),故評估者(含提供主觀評分的病人)均不知分組,答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The trial was registered at the Clinical Trial Registry (registration No. NCT02885597).... The primary outcomes were the 28-joint DAS using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and 28-joint DAS using C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP).試驗註冊於臨床試驗登記處(註冊號 NCT02885597)……主要結局為 DAS28-ESR 與 DAS28-CRP。
- 理由:試驗已於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊,並另有已發表的研究方案(Wang Q 等,Trials 2018;19:188),主要結局 DAS28 事前明訂、分析採事前指定的 ITT 原則,可合理判斷係依事前計畫分析,故答 PY。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary endpoint was 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28-ESR and DAS28-CRP).主要終點為 28 關節疾病活動度分數(DAS28-ESR 與 DAS28-CRP)。
- 理由:主要結局測量方式(DAS28-ESR 與 DAS28-CRP)事前明訂且兩者皆完整報告,並非從多個量表/時間點中挑選有利者呈現,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Efficacy and safety analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The method of the last observation carried forward was applied to the analysis of missing values.療效與安全性分析依意向治療原則進行,缺失值以末次觀測值結轉處理。
- 理由:分析方法(ITT+LOCF)事前指定並一致套用,未見從多種分析中挑選有利結果的跡象,故答 PN。