COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
首次排便時間(小時)
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 3 缺失結局資料:High(高風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為 7 中心、1:1:1 三臂隨機試驗,採中央化電子資料擷取系統執行依中心分層的區組隨機化與分配隱匿,隨機化品質與分配隱匿良好,基線大致平衡,第一域偏誤低。首次排便時間為次要結果、採全分析集(修正意向治療 578/585)分析、失訪極少(約 1%),故缺失資料域偏誤低。假電針組受試者盲化大致維持(猜中真針 71.43% vs 68%),但標準照護組為開放設計、施針者亦必然知情;惟首次排便屬可明確界定的客觀生理事件、由護理師按班佐證,評估不易受知情扭曲。第五域因未取得解盲前定稿的統計分析計畫(5.1 判無資訊),存在些許疑慮;其餘各域偏誤低。整體而言本結果偏誤風險為「些許疑慮」,主要來自分析計畫事前定案之證據不足。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Eligible participants were randomly assigned to the 3 arms in a 1:1:1 allocation ratio... Randomization was stratified by enrollment site with a block size of 9, which was masked to the investigators. Randomization and allocation concealment were conducted using the Electronic Data Capture System of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.符合條件的受試者以 1:1:1 的比例隨機分配至 3 組……隨機化依收案中心分層、區組大小為 9 並對研究者隱匿。隨機化與分配隱匿透過南京中醫藥大學附屬醫院的電子資料擷取系統執行。
- 理由:採電子資料擷取系統執行區組隨機化、依中心分層,屬具隨機成分之正當方法,序列為隨機產生。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization and allocation concealment were conducted using the Electronic Data Capture System of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. Surgeons, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment allocation.隨機化與分配隱匿透過南京中醫藥大學附屬醫院的電子資料擷取系統執行。外科醫師、結果評估者與統計師對治療分配皆盲化。
- 理由:以中央化電子資料擷取系統執行分配隱匿,屬遠端/中央控管方式,受試者入組前無法預知分配,隱匿適當。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Baseline characteristics were similar across the groups, except for family history of gastric cancer.除胃癌家族史外,各組基線特徵相似。
- 理由:三組各約 190–195 人、與 1:1:1 相符;基線特徵大致平衡,僅胃癌家族史一項略有差異(屬可由機率解釋的少數差異、且非首次排便時間之關鍵預後因子),不顯示隨機化過程有問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:In the SA group, placebo blunt needles were placed on the same acupoints through adhesive pads, ensuring no skin penetration. The treatment procedures and electrode placements matched those of the EA group, though without electrical stimulation or needle manipulation. ... Seventy-five (71.43%) participants in the EA group and 68 (68.00%) in the SA group thought they had received true EA.假電針組以鈍頭安慰針透過黏貼墊置於相同穴位、確保不穿透皮膚;療程與電極位置與電針組相同,惟無電刺激與行針。……電針組 71.43%、假電針組 68.00% 的受試者認為自己接受了真電針。
- 理由:EA vs SA 比較中受試者以假電針盲化、兩組猜中真針比例相近(71.43% vs 68%),盲化大致維持,受試者多半不知分組。惟標準照護組為開放、未盲化,故就整體評讀此題保守判 PN(多數受試者不知分組)。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:EA and SA were administered by 9 licensed acupuncturists... The treatment procedures and electrode placements matched those of the EA group, though without electrical stimulation or needle manipulation. ... Surgeons, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment allocation.電針與假電針由 9 名持照針灸師施行……療程與電極位置與電針組相同、惟無電刺激與行針。……外科醫師、結果評估者與統計師對治療分配皆盲化。
- 理由:施針的針灸師必然知道施真針或假針(無法盲化施針者),但提供常規圍術期照護的外科醫師與病房照護者均盲化、且分配隱匿良好。施針者知情但其角色不主導腸道恢復照護,故整體判 PN。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Primary analyses were based on the full analysis set, which included all randomized patients who received at least 1 treatment session and had at least 1 efficacy outcome. ... Regarding the secondary outcomes, actual observed data were used for the analysis without imputation for missing data.主要分析以全分析集(FAS)為基礎,納入所有經隨機分配、至少接受 1 次治療且有至少 1 項療效結果的受試者……次要結果使用實際觀察資料分析、未對缺失資料進行插補。
- 理由:首次排便為次要結果,採全分析集(修正意向治療,FAS 578/585)分析、僅排除未接受治療或無療效資料者,屬估計意向治療效應的適當分析。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Therefore, 578 participants were included in the full analysis set... Nine participants were lost to follow-up (2 in the EA group, 5 in the SA group, and 2 in the standard care group). Of these, 2 participants did not receive any intervention and had no efficacy outcomes recorded.因此 578 名受試者納入全分析集……9 名失訪(電針組 2 名、假電針組 5 名、標準照護組 2 名)。其中 2 名未接受任何介入、亦無療效資料。
- 理由:585 隨機、578 進入 FAS,失訪與排除合計極少(約 1%),三組分布相近,幾乎所有受試者均有結果資料,缺失資料量小到不致影響效應估計。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:因 3.1 判定結果資料對幾乎全部受試者皆可得,依演算法後續題不需作答。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The secondary outcomes included... time to first defecation... The time-related outcomes were initially recorded by the patients themselves; subsequently, nurses on each specific 8-hour shift reminded them to report.次要結果包括……首次排便時間……時間相關結果先由病人自行記錄、其後由各 8 小時輪班的護理師提醒回報。
- 理由:以小時記錄首次排便(腸道功能恢復)時間、由病人自記並有護理師按班提醒,對此預先設定之客觀時間事件而言屬適當且常用的測量方法。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The time-related outcomes were initially recorded by the patients themselves; subsequently, nurses on each specific 8-hour shift reminded them to report.時間相關結果先由病人自行記錄、其後由各 8 小時輪班護理師提醒回報。
- 理由:三組以相同方式、相同時間點(各 8 小時班)記錄首次排便時間,測量方法在各組間一致,無診斷偵測偏誤或就醫次數差異造成的不對等。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Surgeons, outcome assessors, and statisticians were blinded to the treatment allocation. ... The time-related outcomes were initially recorded by the patients themselves... EA significantly reduced the time to first defecation: −15.41 hours (95% CI, −27.73 to −3.09; P = .007) vs SA; −24.66 hours... vs standard care.外科醫師、結果評估者與統計師對分配盲化……時間相關結果先由病人自行記錄……電針顯著縮短首次排便時間:vs 假電針 −15.41 小時(P=.007)、vs 標準照護 −24.66 小時。
- 理由:首次排便時間先由病人自記(病人即評估者),而標準照護組為開放、病人知道自己未接受針灸;雖正式結果評估者盲化、EA vs SA 受試者盲化大致維持,但 EA vs 標準照護的受試者未盲化,故就此整體比較判評估者(病人)知情為 PY。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:time to first defecation... The time-related outcomes were initially recorded by the patients themselves; subsequently, nurses on each specific 8-hour shift reminded them to report.首次排便時間……由病人自記、護理師按 8 小時班提醒回報。
- 理由:首次排便雖屬病人自記,但係「首次排便發生」這類客觀、可明確界定的生理事件(非主觀症狀評分),可由護理師按班提醒佐證,知道分組不易扭曲此事件的記錄,故評估不易受介入知情影響。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:本文未取得統計分析計畫(SAP)原件或註明分析計畫於解盲前定稿之日期戳;雖有 ChiCTR2100050660 註冊與已發表方案,但無法確認次要結果的分析計畫於取得解盲資料前已最終定案,故判無資訊。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The secondary outcomes included incidence of prolonged POI... time to first defecation, water intake; time to tolerance of liquid diet, tolerance of solid food... A fixed sequence procedure for multiple comparisons was conducted to avoid inflating type I error.次要結果包括延長性腸阻塞發生率……首次排便時間、飲水量;耐受流質飲食、耐受固體食物時間……並採固定順序程序進行多重比較以避免型一誤差膨脹。
- 理由:首次排便時間為單一明確定義的時間事件、僅一種測量方式(以小時計),且已預先列為次要結果並納入多重比較校正,無證據顯示是從多種量測中依結果挑選回報。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The time to first defecation was significantly shorter in the EA group compared with the SA and standard care groups, with group differences of −15.41 hours (95% CI, −27.73 to −3.09; P = .007)... All pairwise comparisons for secondary outcomes were adjusted by Bonferroni approach.電針組首次排便時間顯著短於假電針組與標準照護組,組間差異 −15.41 小時(P=.007)……所有次要結果之兩兩比較皆以 Bonferroni 法校正。
- 理由:首次排便時間以與方法一致之單一分析(含 EA vs SA 及 EA vs 標準照護兩兩比較、Bonferroni 校正)完整報告,無證據顯示從多種分析中依結果擇優回報。