COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
FEV1(肺功能)
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 2 偏離預定介入:High(高風險)
- -Domain 3 缺失結局資料:High(高風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗,採亂數產生器加證型分層、經中央分配網路系統執行隨機與分配隱蔽,基線兩組各 251 人且特徵平衡,隨機化領域風險低。安慰劑顆粒外觀與味道(苦味劑)與真藥一致、採二級盲法,受試者、給藥/照護人員及肺功能評估者均被盲化,FEV1 以支氣管擴張劑後肺量計客觀標準化測量,量測領域風險低。惟 FEV1 主要療效以 per-protocol 集(依從度 80–100%)為主要分析集,屬樸素 per-protocol 分析,對估計指派(ITT)效應並不適當(2.6 PN);且自 502 隨機者排除約 60 例(約 12%、與依從及失訪相關),足以對結果造成實質影響(2.7 PY),偏離指派介入領域為高風險。另統計分析計畫未取得、無法確認開盲前定稿(5.1 NI),選擇性報告領域為些微疑慮。整體而言本結果的主要偏誤來自以 per-protocol 為主要分析集。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The random grouping of subjects will be carried out using a random number generator and will be stratified according to the TCM syndrome differentiation. ... A centralized block randomization method was used for the distribution of layered blocks. ... a random allocation scheme was developed and managed through a central allocation network system.受試者的隨機分組以亂數產生器進行,並依中醫證型差異分層。……採用中央化區組隨機化方法分配分層區組……透過中央分配網路系統建立並管理隨機分配方案。
- 理由:明確使用亂數產生器並依證型分層、以中央區組隨機化進行,序列具隨機成分,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:a random allocation scheme was developed and managed through a central allocation network system. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups... The research investigators obtained the allocation code of the participants through the network. Clinical trial physicians obtained participant assignment codes online and recruited participants from 12 hospitals.隨機分配方案透過中央分配網路系統建立與管理。參與者隨機分配至試驗組與對照組……研究者透過網路取得參與者的分配碼。臨床試驗醫師線上取得參與者的分配碼並自 12 家醫院招募。
- 理由:由中央分配網路系統管理、分配碼於受試者納入時才線上取得,屬第三方遠端中央隨機,隱蔽充分,故答 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:No significant differences were observed with regard to gender, lifestyle habits, lung function, age, course of disease, TCM syndromes, number of AEs before treatment, total symptom score, 6MWD, and dyspnea (p > 0.05), indicating comparability, as shown in Table 1.性別、生活習慣、肺功能、年齡、病程、中醫證型、治療前急性加重次數、總症狀分數、6MWD 與呼吸困難均無顯著差異(p > 0.05),顯示具可比性,如表 1。
- 理由:兩組各 251 人、基線特徵(含 FEV1 1.74 vs 1.70 L、FEV1% 65.89 vs 63.95)皆無顯著差異,未見不平衡,故答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial... The placebo package of TCM granules was identical in appearance to the drug, made of dextrin, a bitter agent, edible pigment, and 5% drug content, with the same dosage regimen.本研究為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗……中藥顆粒安慰劑的外觀與藥物完全相同,由糊精、苦味劑、食用色素及 5% 藥量製成,給藥方式相同。
- 理由:雙盲設計、安慰劑顆粒外觀與味道(苦味劑)與真藥一致、劑量相同,受試者無從得知分組,故答 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The blinding work is jointly completed by the project leader, drug preparation personnel, and statistical personnel, using a two-level blinding method. The blind bottom shall be kept separately by the project leader, drug preparation personnel, and statistical personnel.盲法工作由計畫主持人、藥物製備人員與統計人員共同完成,採二級盲法。盲底由計畫主持人、藥物製備人員與統計人員分別保管。
- 理由:採二級盲法、盲底分別保管,安慰劑與真藥外觀味道一致,給藥與照護人員亦無從辨識分組,故答 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The research results will be analyzed using a protocol-compliant dataset (PP) and a full analysis set (FAS). The PP population patients will include all patients who met the relevant program criteria and met the following conditions: those with compliance between 80% and 100%... A total of 432 patients, including 214 and 218 in the experimental and control groups, respectively, completed the trial.研究結果以符合方案資料集(PP)與全分析集(FAS)分析。PP 族群納入符合相關方案準則且依從度介於 80% 至 100% 之患者……共 432 名患者(試驗組 214、對照組 218)完成試驗。
- 理由:FEV1 主要療效以 PP 集(依從度 80–100%、排除未完成與未達依從者)為主要分析集,屬樸素 per-protocol 分析,對估計指派效應(ITT)並不適當;雖另有 FAS,但療效推論主要依 PP,故答 PN。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:a total of 60 patients, including 31 patients in the experimental group and 29 patients in the control group, did not complete the study, resulting in a dataset of 432 cases in line with the program set.共 60 名患者(試驗組 31、對照組 29)未完成研究,最終形成符合方案集的 432 例資料。
- 理由:PP 主要分析自 502 隨機者中排除約 60 例(約 12%,含失訪與依從不足者),排除比例不低且與依從/預後相關,足以對 FEV1 結果造成實質影響,故答 PY。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:原文未提供相關描述
- 理由:
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Pulmonary function—Changes in FVC, FEV1, and FEV1% were measured post-bronchodilator use. ... FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 70% post-bronchodilator inhalation肺功能——FVC、FEV1 與 FEV1% 之變化於使用支氣管擴張劑後測量。……支氣管擴張劑吸入後 FEV1/FVC < 70%。
- 理由:FEV1 以肺量計於支氣管擴張劑後標準化測量,為客觀且適切的肺功能量測方法,故答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Pulmonary function was recorded before treatment, after 26 weeks of treatment, after 52 weeks of treatment, and after 52 weeks of follow-up.肺功能於治療前、治療 26 週後、治療 52 週後及追蹤 52 週後記錄。
- 理由:兩組於相同時間點以相同肺量計方法測量 FEV1,量測方式組間一致、無差異化偵測之虞,故答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial... The blinding work is jointly completed by the project leader, drug preparation personnel, and statistical personnel, using a two-level blinding method.本研究為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照試驗……盲法由計畫主持人、藥物製備人員與統計人員共同完成,採二級盲法。
- 理由:雙盲試驗、安慰劑與真藥外觀味道一致,肺功能評估者(含執行肺量計者)對分組設盲,故答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:registration number: NCT01486186... registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under ID no. NCT01486186. The study was carried out in strict accordance with the approved protocol註冊號 NCT01486186……於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊(ID NCT01486186)。本研究嚴格依核准方案執行。
- 理由:雖有試驗註冊與聲稱依核准方案執行,但未取得統計分析計畫、無法確認分析計畫於開盲前定稿,故答 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Pulmonary function was recorded before treatment, after 26 weeks of treatment, after 52 weeks of treatment, and after 52 weeks of follow-up. ... Statistically significant differences in FEV1 values were observed between the two groups at the 6th and 12th months during the follow-up period (p > 0.05).肺功能於治療前、治療 26 週、治療 52 週及追蹤 52 週記錄。……FEV1 在追蹤期第 6 與第 12 個月於兩組間達統計顯著差異。
- 理由:FEV1 以單一肺量計量測,預先界定的多個時間點均有報告,並非從多個量測中挑選有利者,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:When measuring data more than twice at different time points, use repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). ... Significant differences were observed in FEV1 values between the two groups at different time points (F = 3.964, p = 0.047), along with a time effect (F = 13.014, p < 0.001).對不同時間點重複量測超過兩次者,採重複測量變異數分析(ANOVA)。……FEV1 於不同時間點兩組間有顯著差異(F = 3.964,p = 0.047),並有時間效應(F = 13.014,p < 0.001)。
- 理由:FEV1 採事先指定的重複測量 ANOVA 分析、結果含 F 與 p 完整呈現,未見從多種分析中挑選有利結果之跡象,故答 PN。