COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
AECOPDRW 急性發作發生率
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總體判斷 OVERALL+Low(低風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- +總體(Overall):Low(低風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照平行試驗(n=336,各組 168),以 SAS 產生區塊隨機序列並由江蘇第三方中央動態隨機系統經網路/電話遠端分配,分配序列對研究者隱匿,隨機化過程穩健且基線(表 2)各項 P 皆 >0.05、兩組完全平衡。雙盲且安慰劑顆粒在外觀、顏色、氣味、重量上與真藥一致,受試者、給藥者與結局評估者均盲化,故偏離介入與結局測量偏誤風險低。主要結局「危險窗期 8 週急性發作發生率」以 ITT(全部 336 人、LOCF 補缺)分析,雖治療期有少數退出,仍以全體隨機人數分析、缺失資料風險低。試驗已於 ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT04851093)事前註冊、主要結局明確、依 CONSORT 報告,選擇性報告風險低。整體各 domain 偏誤風險均屬低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Randomization was obtained using the central dynamic random allocation system supplied by Jiangsu Famous Medical Technology Co., Ltd. ... Strategic Applications Software version 23.0 generated the random sequence and stratified into blocks of size 4.隨機化採用江蘇某醫療科技公司提供的中央動態隨機分配系統,以 Strategic Applications Software 23.0 版產生隨機序列,並依區塊大小 4 分層。
- 理由:明確使用統計軟體產生隨機序列、區塊隨機分層,含隨機成分,故為 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The researchers obtained the allocation codes and drug numbers form the subjects through the network or telephone so that generation of the random sequence, drug allocation, and grouping of subjects was blinded to the researchers. This was strictly controlled and implemented by the central randomization system.研究者透過網路或電話為受試者取得分配代碼與藥物編號,使隨機序列產生、藥物分配與分組對研究者保持盲化;此程序由中央隨機系統嚴格控制與執行。
- 理由:採中央隨機(第三方)系統、透過網路/電話遠端分配,分配序列由外部單位控制、對招募者隱匿,符合適當隱匿,故為 Y。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There were comparable in the baseline characteristics between groups (Table 2). ... revealed statistical insignificance between-group analysis (p > 0.05).兩組基線特徵相當(表 2),各項組間比較均無統計顯著差異(p > 0.05)。
- 理由:表 2 涵蓋年齡、性別、吸煙、病程、過去發作次數、證型分佈等,所有 P 值皆 >0.05、兩組各 168 人完全平衡,無提示隨機化問題的失衡,故為 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the experimental group was administered Chinese herbal medicine granules ... whereas the control group received a placebo in the form of Chinese herbal medicine granules. ... the appearance, color, odor and weight of CM formula granule placebo were consistent with those of CM formula granule, but had no clinical application effect.試驗組給予中藥配方顆粒、對照組給予外觀、顏色、氣味、重量均與中藥顆粒一致的安慰劑顆粒,安慰劑無臨床作用。
- 理由:雙盲、安慰劑顆粒在外觀/顏色/氣味/重量上與真藥一致,受試者無從辨識分組,故為 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Blinding was performed using the two-level blinding method ... The researchers obtained the allocation codes and drug numbers ... so that ... drug allocation, and grouping of subjects was blinded to the researchers.採兩級盲法;研究者取得分配代碼與藥物編號,但藥物分配與分組對研究者保持盲化。
- 理由:雙盲且分配隱匿良好,照護者/給藥人員亦對分組盲化,安慰劑與真藥不可區分,故為 N。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:all data were analyzed based to the intention-to-treat principle, which included all participants who ever received the study drug. The last-observation-carried-forward method was used to fill missing efficacy index ... Intention-to-treat analysis dataset (n=168) ... (n=168).所有資料依意向治療原則分析,納入全部曾接受研究藥物之受試者,並以 LOCF 法補入缺失療效指標;ITT 分析資料集兩組各 168 人。
- 理由:採 ITT 分析,兩組各 168 人(即全部隨機人數)皆納入分析、依隨機分組分析,屬適當分析,故為 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:all data were analyzed based to the intention-to-treat principle ... The last-observation-carried-forward method was used to fill missing efficacy index to establish a complete analysis set. ... Intention-to-treat analysis dataset (n=168) ... (n=168).全部資料依 ITT 原則分析,以 LOCF 補入缺失療效指標建立完整分析資料集,兩組 ITT 分析皆為 168 人。
- 理由:本主要結局為危險窗期(8 週)急性發作事件;8 週治療期試驗組退出 11 人、對照 10 人,但 ITT 以全部 336 人(各 168)分析,幾乎全部隨機者皆納入,故為 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Acute exacerbation was characterized by dyspnea and/or a significant aggravation of cough and sputum within 14 days, potentially accompanied by shortness of breath (GOLD, 2021).急性發作以 14 天內呼吸困難及/或咳嗽、痰量明顯加重(可伴喘息)界定(GOLD 2021)。
- 理由:以 GOLD 標準的症狀為基礎定義急性發作,為該結局公認且適當的測量方式,故為 N(測量方法非不適當)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial. ... the appearance, color, odor and weight of CM formula granule placebo were consistent with those of CM formula granule.多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照平行試驗;安慰劑顆粒外觀、顏色、氣味、重量與真藥一致。
- 理由:雙盲設計、兩組以相同方式(同樣的 GOLD 定義、相同隨訪流程)確認急性發作,測量/確認方式不致因組別而異,故為 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Blinding was performed using the two-level blinding method ... The blinding records were securely maintained by all three parties.採兩級盲法執行;盲性紀錄由三方妥善保管。
- 理由:雙盲試驗、安慰劑與真藥不可區分、分配隱匿良好,結局評估者對所受介入應為盲化,故為 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04851093) on April 14, 2021. ... The reporting of this trial strictly followed the CONSORT Statement. The primary outcomes included acute exacerbation incidences and COPD Assessment Tool (CAT) scores during the AECOPDRW period of 8 weeks.本試驗於 2021 年 4 月 14 日在 ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT04851093)註冊,報告嚴格遵循 CONSORT;主要結局為 8 週危險窗期內急性發作發生率與 CAT 分數。
- 理由:試驗已事前於 ClinicalTrials.gov 註冊、明確指定主要結局為危險窗期急性發作發生率,並依 ITT/既定統計計畫分析,有合理事前分析計畫,故判為 Y。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcomes included acute exacerbation incidences and COPD Assessment Tool (CAT) scores during the AECOPDRW period of 8 weeks. ... Incidence of acute exacerbation during AECOPDRW 6 (3.6) 16 (9.5) RR 0.375 (0.150, 0.935) 0.027.主要結局為 8 週危險窗期內急性發作發生率與 CAT 分數;危險窗期急性發作發生率為 6(3.6%)對 16(9.5%),RR 0.375,p=0.027。
- 理由:本結局為事前指定且註冊之主要結局,單一明確定義與時間點(8 週發生率),無多種量表/定義擇優報告之跡象,故為 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:all data were analyzed based to the intention-to-treat principle ... The count data were showed as frequencies or proportions, and the differences between groups were compared by the contingency table chi-square or rank sum test.全部資料依 ITT 原則分析;計數資料以頻率/比例呈現,組間以列聯表卡方或秩和檢定比較。
- 理由:以單一事前指定的 ITT 分析與既定統計方法(卡方/RR)報告結果,無多種分析擇優呈現之跡象,故為 PN。