COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
肩穩定度 CKCUEST(1週)
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- ?Domain 1 隨機化過程:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為個體隨機平行組 RCT(深層乾針 vs 假乾針,各 23 人隨機、44 人完成分析),主要結局取肩關節動態穩定度 CKCUEST 分數的組間比較(療程結束後 1 週乾針 0.37 vs 假針 0.25,p<0.001)。隨機面:以網站排列區組(大小 2)產生隨機序列(1.1 適當),但完全未描述分配隱匿機制、且區組固定為 2 屬可預測型,分配隱匿資訊不足(1.2 NI);基線各項無顯著失衡(1.3 無虞)。盲性面:以鈍針+導管的可信假針成功盲化受試者(2.1 N),結局評估者亦盲化(4.3 N),量表本身適當(4.1 N),量測偏誤風險低;惟施針者無法盲化(2.2 Y),但未見因試驗情境而生的方案偏離(2.3 PN)。分析面:僅排除 2 名缺結局資料的退出者、屬 mITT 視為適當(2.6 Y)。缺失面:95.7% 有完整資料、缺失原因為不配合、與真值無關(3.1 Y、3.3 PN),偏誤風險低。報告面:前瞻性註冊+CONSORT、結局與分析全數呈現(5.1 PY、5.2/5.3 PN)。整體而言本結局的偏誤主要落在隨機化網域的分配隱匿資訊不足(some concerns),其餘網域偏誤傾向低。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Forty-six eligible patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 23 per group) using the RANDOMIZATION.COM website. The randomization method was permuted block randomization with 23 blocks of size 2.46 名符合資格的患者以 RANDOMIZATION.COM 網站隨機分配至兩組(每組 n=23),採用排列區組隨機化,23 個區組、每區組大小為 2。
- 理由:使用電腦網站產生的排列區組隨機序列,含隨機成分,屬適當的隨機序列產生方式。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:A three-investigator system was implemented to ensure proper blinding and treatment allocation. The first investigator handled randomization and group allocation, while interventions were administered by a second investigator.採用三名研究者制度以確保適當的盲性與治療分配。第一名研究者負責隨機化與分組分配,介入則由第二名研究者施行。
- 理由:雖然分工上把負責分配者與施治者分開,但論文完全未描述分配隱匿的具體機制(如中央隨機化、不透明密封信封、藥物容器等),無從判斷納入前序列是否隱匿;且區組固定為 2、屬可預測型區組,更難確認未被預知。資訊不足,答 NI。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences between groups in any baseline measurements, including shoulder rotation strength in all positions, grip strength, pain intensity (VAS), functional disability (Quick DASH), and upper extremity stability (CKCUEST) (all p > 0.05).如表 1 所示,兩組在所有基線量測(含各姿勢肩旋轉肌力、握力、疼痛 VAS、功能失能 Quick DASH、上肢穩定度 CKCUEST)皆無顯著差異(所有 p>0.05)。
- 理由:基線各項預後因子與結局指標兩組相近、皆 p>0.05,未見暗示隨機化出問題的失衡。組別人數 23 vs 21 的差異純因 2 名假針組退出,非分配比例異常。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the control group received sham dry needling using a blunted needle attached to a guide tube that applied pressure on the skin for 30 seconds without penetration, mimicking the timing and locations of the real intervention. ... Neither the assessing physical therapist nor the participants were aware of group assignments throughout the study period.對照組接受假乾針:以套在導管上的鈍針對皮膚施壓 30 秒但不穿刺,模擬真實介入的時間與位置。……評估治療師與受試者在整個研究期間均不知分組。
- 理由:使用鈍針+導管的可信假針,模擬真針的時間與位置,且明文陳述受試者不知分組,受試者盲化成功,答 N。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:interventions were administered by a second investigator, a physical therapist with over 5 years of experience in trigger point diagnosis and treatment.介入由第二名研究者施行,其為有超過 5 年激痛點診斷與治療經驗的物理治療師。
- 理由:施針者必然知道自己是在做真乾針(0.3×50mm 針快進快出穿刺)還是假乾針(鈍針不穿刺),無法對施治者盲化,答 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The treatment was performed over three sessions. ... Two participants in the sham group dropped out due to noncooperation.治療分三次進行。……假針組有 2 名受試者因不配合退出。
- 理由:兩組皆按方案完成三次療程,未見任何因試驗情境(招募/知情/施治者缺乏均勢)而生、且與方案不一致的介入偏離。2 名退出為不配合、屬試驗外也會發生的一般非依從,非試驗情境所致的方案偏離。答 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Finally, 44 participants (23 in the deep dry needling group and 21 in the sham dry needling group) completed the study, and all analyses were conducted on these participants.最終 44 名受試者(深層乾針組 23 名、假乾針組 21 名)完成研究,所有分析皆針對這些受試者進行。
- 理由:分析納入 44 名完成者,僅排除 2 名因不配合而退出(缺結局資料)的隨機受試者。依官方指引,排除缺結局資料者的 mITT 分析視為適當;受試者皆依其隨機分組分析、無交叉歸組或依實際治療分組的問題,答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Two participants in the control group dropped out due to noncooperation, leaving 44 participants who completed the study: 23 in the treatment group and 21 in the control group.對照組 2 名受試者因不配合退出,剩 44 名完成研究:治療組 23 名、對照組 21 名。
- 理由:46 名隨機受試者中 44 名(95.7%)有完整結局資料,幾乎全數受試者皆有主要結局資料,答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:CKCUEST is a functional test with established reliability and validity for assessing upper extremity stability. ... Lee and Kim demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.97) and validated the test by showing significant correlations with shoulder strength and functional measures.CKCUEST 是評估上肢穩定度、具既定信效度的功能性測驗。……Lee 與 Kim 證明其再測信度極佳(ICC=0.97)並以與肩肌力/功能量測的顯著相關驗證其效度。
- 理由:CKCUEST 為評估上肢穩定度的已驗證量表、信效度良好,量測方法本身適當,答 N。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A third investigator, blinded to group allocation, conducted all clinical examinations and outcome measurements.第三名研究者在不知分組下進行所有臨床檢查與結局量測。
- 理由:兩組由同一名盲化評估者以相同標準化的 CKCUEST 流程量測,量測方法在兩組間一致,答 N。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:A third investigator, blinded to group allocation, conducted all clinical examinations and outcome measurements. Neither the assessing physical therapist nor the participants were aware of group assignments throughout the study period.第三名研究者在不知分組下進行所有臨床檢查與結局量測。評估治療師與受試者在整個研究期間均不知分組。
- 理由:結局評估者(第三研究者)對分組盲化,且 CKCUEST 為受試者出力的表現測驗、而受試者亦成功盲化(可信假針),故評估端與受試者端皆不知分組,答 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The present study has been prospectively registered in https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/:IRCT20190909044734N4. ... This study was conducted and reported in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 Statement guidelines for randomized trials.本研究已於 https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/ 前瞻性註冊(IRCT20190909044734N4),並依 CONSORT 2010 聲明的隨機試驗準則執行與報告。
- 理由:試驗於招募前前瞻性註冊(含註冊編號)且聲明遵循 CONSORT,結局在方法段事前明訂並全數報告,判斷分析大致依事前計畫進行,答 PY。惟未見完整統計分析計畫(SAP),此判斷帶部分不確定性。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:One week after intervention, significant between-group differences were found for all outcome measures (p < 0.05) (Table 2).介入後一週,所有結局指標皆呈現顯著組間差異(p<0.05)(表 2)。
- 理由:所有事前規劃的結局(CKCUEST 分數與功率、握力、VAS、Quick DASH 各分量與總分、各姿勢肩旋轉肌力)在兩個量測時間點(即刻、一週)皆完整報告於表 2/表 3,未見從多個量測中挑選有利者,答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:For normally distributed variables, independent t tests were used to compare differences between treatment and control groups, while Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for non–normally distributed variables.常態分布變項以獨立 t 檢定比較治療組與對照組差異,非常態分布變項以 Mann-Whitney U 檢定。
- 理由:分析方法依資料常態性事前決定並一致套用,組間與組內結果、效果量皆完整呈現(表 2、表 3),未見從多種分析中挑選有利結果,答 PN。