COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
ADHD-RS 症狀總分
← 回到「注意力不足過動症」的圖表
總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本試驗為多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照的平行組設計,評讀結局為治療 8 週後家長評分的 ADHD-RS 症狀總分(靜靈口服液組 vs 安慰劑組)。隨機方面,論文說明依隨機表 1:1 分配,由第三方研究者執行隨機與給藥,藥品事先以相同包裝依序編號,隱匿做法合理,但未說明隨機表如何產生;基線各項相近。偏離介入方面,安慰劑外觀一致、醫師與家屬皆設盲,所有有資料者依原分組分析。缺失資料方面,85 人中 4 人脫落(藥物組 1、安慰劑組 3),完整率約 95%,影響有限。結局測量方面,ADHD-RS 雖為家長主觀評分,但家長已設盲,未報告盲法成功度。選擇性報告方面,主要指標有明訂且次要結局(含不顯著者)完整報告,但試驗登錄可能晚於收案、未見事前統計分析計畫,無法確認分析是否在解盲前定案。整體而言本結局偏誤風險偏低,主要保留在隨機序列產生細節與事前分析計畫的資訊不足。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The study randomized, screened, and qualified subjects in a 1:1 ratio into the Jingling Oral Liquid group (Medicine group) and the Placebo group ... the sequential number of deliveries was indicated on the package according to the randomization table.本研究將合格受試者以 1:1 比例隨機分入靜靈口服液組(藥物組)與安慰劑組……並依隨機表在包裝上標示給藥的流水號。
- 理由:論文說明以 1:1 隨機分配並依「隨機表」編號包裝,顯示有使用隨機序列,但未說明隨機表如何產生(例如電腦亂數、區組或分層),故答「可能是」。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The randomization and drug administration were performed by a third-party investigator ... all TCM and simulated preparations were packed in the same manner, and the sequential number of deliveries was indicated on the package according to the randomization table.隨機分配與給藥由第三方研究者執行……所有中藥與模擬製劑以相同方式包裝,並依隨機表在包裝上標示給藥流水號。
- 理由:隨機與給藥由第三方研究者負責,且試驗開始前就把外觀相同的藥品依隨機表編上流水號,屬於官方指引認可的「外觀相同、依序編號的藥品容器」隱匿方式;但未詳述收案醫師能否事先接觸到隨機表,故答「可能是」。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:There were no significant differences in sex distribution, age, or pre-treatment symptom performance between the two groups (Table 1).兩組在性別分布、年齡與治療前症狀表現上沒有顯著差異(表 1)。
- 理由:表 1 顯示性別、年齡、ADHD-RS 總分與分量表、CPRS-RS 基線皆相近(P 值 0.39 至 0.84);CGI-S 分布 P=0.056 屬邊緣,但兩組平均(4.8 對 4.9)幾乎相同,屬隨機可預期的差異,不暗示隨機過程有問題。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:whereas those in the Placebo group were administered simulated Jingling Oral Liquid (10 mL/vial, Liaoning Dongfangren Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), which was consistent except for the absence of a TCM preparation.安慰劑組則給予模擬靜靈口服液(每瓶 10 mL,同一藥廠製造),除不含中藥成分外其餘一致。
- 理由:採外觀一致的模擬口服液作為安慰劑,且家屬至研究結束才被告知分組,受試兒童與家屬應不知道自己的分組。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:neither the physicians nor the patients’ families were informed until the end of the study.醫師與病患家屬在研究結束前都不知道分組。
- 理由:論文明言醫師不知分組,給藥由第三方研究者執行,照護者與施治者應不知分組。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Among the patients finally included in the analysis, 40 were in the Medicine (31 males and 9 females, 8.2 ± 2.1 years) and 41 were in the Placebo group最終納入分析的病人中,藥物組 40 人(男 31、女 9,8.2 ± 2.1 歲),安慰劑組 41 人。
- 理由:所有有結局資料者皆依原分組分析(藥物組 40、安慰劑組 41;CONSORT 流程圖亦標示排除於分析外 0 人),僅未納入失訪的 4 人。官方指引指出只排除缺結局資料者的分析可視為適當,缺失問題留到 Domain 3 處理,故答「可能是」。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:Four patients were dislodged during the trial period, including one in the Medicine group and three in the Placebo group.試驗期間有四名病人脫落,藥物組一名、安慰劑組三名。
- 理由:隨機 85 人(41 對 44),分析 81 人(40 對 41),結局資料完整率約 95%(藥物組 97.6%、安慰劑組 93.2%)。缺失比例小且兩組差距只有 2 人,相對於組間差異(-4.8 分)不太可能改變結論,故答「可能是」。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS): it was developed based on the diagnostic criteria of ADHD in the DSM-IV, comprising 18 rating entries.ADHD 評定量表(ADHD-RS)依 DSM-IV 的 ADHD 診斷準則編製,共 18 題。
- 理由:ADHD-RS 是依 DSM-IV 診斷準則編製、臨床試驗常用的標準量表,用於評估 ADHD 症狀嚴重度適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:After 8 weeks of treatment, the symptoms were reassessed, and laboratory tests were performed.治療 8 週後重新評估症狀並進行實驗室檢查。
- 理由:兩組使用相同量表、相同評分者類型(家長)與相同時間點(治療 8 週後)評估,量測方式沒有組間差異。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The scale is rated by the parents or other direct guardians according to the frequency of occurrence of the behavior ... neither the physicians nor the patients’ families were informed until the end of the study.此量表由父母或其他直接監護人依行為出現頻率評分……醫師與病患家屬在研究結束前都不知道分組。
- 理由:結局評估者是家長,而家屬在研究結束前被設盲,安慰劑外觀一致。論文未報告盲法成功度檢驗,也未說明口服液味道是否可區辨,且不良事件反而以安慰劑組較多,不太可能因副作用而解盲,故答「可能否」。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:This study was registered with the China Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IPR-17012293).本研究已於中國臨床試驗註冊中心登錄(ChiCTR-IPR-17012293)。
- 理由:試驗有登錄,但登錄號顯示為 2017 年,而各中心倫理審查早在 2014 至 2015 年,可能屬事後登錄;論文未提供統計分析計畫,也未說明分析方法是否在解盲前定案,無法確認,故答「資訊不足」。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary efficacy index of the study was the ADHD-RS total score, and the secondary efficacy indices were the ADHD-RS factor (inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity), CPRS-RS total, CGI-S, and CGI-I scores.本研究主要療效指標為 ADHD-RS 總分,次要療效指標為 ADHD-RS 因子分(注意力不足與過動/衝動)、CPRS-RS 總分、CGI-S 與 CGI-I。
- 理由:論文明訂 ADHD-RS 總分為主要療效指標,只有治療 8 週後一個評估時間點,且所有次要結局(包含不顯著的注意力不足分量表、CPRS-RS、CGI)都完整報告,看不出從多個量表或時間點挑選的跡象。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The difference was still significant with both the center and pre-treatment ADHD-RS scores as covariate factors (difference = −4.3, 95% confidence interval [−7.6, −1.1], p = .010).同時以中心與治療前 ADHD-RS 分數為共變數時,差異仍顯著(差值 -4.3,95% 信賴區間 [-7.6, -1.1],P=0.010)。
- 理由:論文同時報告只校正基線與同時校正中心加基線兩種 ANCOVA,結果方向與顯著性一致(-4.8 對 -4.3),沒有只挑有利分析報告的跡象。