COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
疼痛強度 NPRS(療程後組間)
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總體判斷 OVERALL-High(高風險)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- -Domain 1 隨機化過程:High(高風險)
- +Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- -Domain 4 結局測量:High(高風險)
- +Domain 5 選擇性報告:Low(低風險)
- -總體(Overall):High(高風險)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
本篇為單盲平行組 RCT(乾針+伸展 SDN vs 純伸展 SO,各 18 人),主要結局取疼痛強度 NPRS 於療程後(2 週)的組間比較,效果採 assignment(ITT)。隨機化:採排列區塊隨機化(區塊 4),序列產生適當(1.1 Y)、基線均衡(1.3 N);但隱匿分配存疑——同一名「指導者」同時產生序列、納入並指派受試者,加上固定區塊大小,隱匿易被破解(1.2 PN),Domain 1 有明顯疑慮。偏離介入:病人與施治者皆知分組(無假針對照),但兩組共用相同伸展與每日電話依從、無流失、全數依 ITT 分析(2.6 Y),指派效果的偏離風險低。缺失資料:零流失、資料完整,風險低。結局測量:主要結局 NPRS 為病人自評,病人未盲、乾針又被視為附加積極療法,主觀結局的知情影響很可能發生(4.3 Y、4.4/4.5 PY),此為本結局最主要的偏誤來源。選擇性報告:有前瞻性註冊與 CONSORT、統計方法事先描述、各結局各時間點完整呈現,風險較低(惟未逐項比對註冊 SAP)。整體而言,本結局的偏誤傾向主要來自『分配隱匿存疑』與『未盲主觀病人自評結局』兩處,屬偏高風險方向。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:Participants were allocated to two parallel groups (n = 18 each) using blocked randomization (block size = 4) with concealed allocation. ... via permuted block randomization受試者以區塊隨機化(區塊大小=4)分配到兩個平行組(各 n=18),並採隱匿分配……以排列區塊隨機化分組。
- 理由:明確使用排列區塊隨機化(含隨機成分),屬適當的隨機序列產生方法,故答 Y。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:using blocked randomization (block size = 4) with concealed allocation. ... The mentor of this study generated the allocation sequence and enrolled participants and assigned participants to interventions.使用區塊隨機化(區塊大小=4)並隱匿分配……本研究的指導者產生分配序列、納入受試者並將受試者指派到介入。
- 理由:論文雖聲稱「隱匿分配」,但同一人(指導者)同時負責產生分配序列、納入受試者並指派介入;加上區塊大小固定為 4,末位分配可預測。產生序列者兼任納入者,正是隱匿失敗的典型情境,有理由懷疑納入者事先知道分配,故答 PN(材料性隱匿疑慮)。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:the two study groups (Stretch Only [SO] and Stretch plus Dry Needling [SDN]) demonstrated no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in baseline demographics ... pain intensity (NPRS) ... functional scores (Kujala) ... This baseline homogeneity supports the validity of comparing post-intervention outcomes兩組(純伸展 SO 與伸展+乾針 SDN)在基線人口學、疼痛強度(NPRS)、功能分數(Kujala)等皆無統計顯著差異(p>0.05)……此基線同質性支持組間比較的有效性。
- 理由:Table 4 所有基線變項 p 值均 >0.05(多數 >0.1),組間差異與隨機化下的機遇一致,無提示隨機化出問題的失衡,故答 N。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:This single-blind randomized clinical trial ... The assessor was blinded to treatment group allocations throughout the study period.本單盲隨機臨床試驗……評估者於整個研究期間對分組保持盲化。
- 理由:僅評估者盲化(single-blind),受試者未盲;乾針組(SDN)實際接受針刺、純伸展組(SO)無針刺且無假針對照,受試者顯然知道自己是否被扎針,故受試者知道分組,答 Y。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:These patients were treated in the first session at the clinic by an expert physical therapist (PT) ... Dry needling treatments were performed for each patient in SDN group ... by an experienced physical therapist.受試者在診所首次療程由專業物理治療師治療……乾針治療由一位有經驗的物理治療師對 SDN 組每位受試者施行。
- 理由:施治的物理治療師須親自對 SDN 組施行乾針、對 SO 組僅指導伸展,執行者必然知道各受試者的分組,故答 Y。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:An experienced PT had been assigned to contact the patients in both groups by phone calls daily to ensure that they performed their specific treatment ... All participants completed the treatment and follow-up sessions without attrition.指派一位有經驗的物理治療師每日以電話聯繫兩組受試者,確保其執行各自的治療……所有受試者皆完成治療與追蹤、無流失。
- 理由:兩組皆每日電話追蹤以確保依從,無流失,未見任何因試驗情境而生、不符計畫的介入偏離(如對照組跑去接受乾針)之證據,故答 PN。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:None of the participants in either group abandoned or were lost. ... Analyzed (n=18) ... Excluded from analysis (n=0)兩組皆無受試者中途退出或流失……分析人數(n=18),排除於分析(n=0)。
- 理由:36 位隨機受試者全數依原分組完成並納入分析(各組 n=18、排除 0),無流失、無按實際治療分組或事後排除,屬適當的指派效果(ITT)分析,故答 Y。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.6 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:None of the participants in either group abandoned or were lost. ... All participants completed the treatment and follow-up sessions without attrition.兩組皆無受試者退出或流失……所有受試者完成治療與追蹤、無流失。
- 理由:全部 36 位受試者於各時間點皆有結局資料、無流失,幾乎所有(實為全部)受試者都有主要結局資料,故答 Y。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:High
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The patients' pain intensity was measured by the NPRS, where 0 represented no pain and 10 stood for maximal pain that was validated in PFP populations (Farrar et al., 2001).以 NPRS(0=無痛、10=最劇烈疼痛)量測疼痛強度,該量表已在 PFP 族群獲得驗證。
- 理由:NPRS 是疼痛強度的標準且已驗證的量測工具,方法本身適當,故答 N(測量方法不當=否)。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the NPRS test, each patient was asked to report his/her pain on a scale of zero to ten.NPRS 測試時,每位受試者被要求以 0 到 10 的量尺報告自身疼痛。
- 理由:兩組皆以相同的 NPRS 自評方式量測疼痛,量測方法在組間一致,故答 N(組間量測不同=否)。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:During the NPRS test, each patient was asked to report his/her pain on a scale of zero to ten. ... This single-blind randomized clinical trialNPRS 測試時,每位受試者自行報告 0 到 10 的疼痛分數……本試驗為單盲。
- 理由:主要結局 NPRS 為病人自評,病人即結局評估者;本試驗僅評估者盲、病人未盲(乾針無假針對照,病人知道自己是否被扎針),故結局評估者(病人)知道分組,答 Y。(論文所稱盲化的「assessor」係指量測 PPT/ROM 等客觀項目的物理治療師,不含病人自評的 NPRS。)
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:each patient was asked to report his/her pain on a scale of zero to ten每位受試者被要求自行報告 0 到 10 的疼痛分數。
- 理由:疼痛為高度主觀的病人自評結局,在病人知道自身分組(且知道乾針被視為附加積極療法)的情況下,其自評可能受知情與期望影響,故答 PY。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:The intervention group showed superior improvements in pain intensity and Kujala scores ... This single-blind randomized clinical trial介入組在疼痛強度與 Kujala 分數上呈現較佳改善……本試驗為單盲。
- 理由:主觀病人自評結局+病人未盲+乾針無假針對照,符合官方指引所述『未盲主觀結局易被高估』的情境,本結局的知情影響不僅可能且很可能發生,故答 PY。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:可能是(Probably yes — 綜合判斷後傾向「是」)
- 原文引述:the prospective study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Iranian Center for Clinical Trials (IRCT20190909044734N3) with first trial registration at July 27, 2022 ... In this study CONSORT reporting guidelines was used前瞻性研究計畫書經伊朗臨床試驗中心審查核准(IRCT20190909044734N3,首次註冊於 2022 年 7 月 27 日)……本研究採用 CONSORT 報告指引。
- 理由:有前瞻性註冊的研究計畫並採 CONSORT,且所報告的結局與研究目的一致,判斷分析大致依事前計畫進行,故答 PY;惟未取得註冊內載的詳細統計分析計畫逐項比對,屬判斷(PY)而非確證(Y)。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Outcome measures included pain intensity, functional level, pain-pressure threshold, lunge and step-down tests, and ankle ROM, assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 2-week follow-up.結局指標包含疼痛強度、功能程度、痛壓閾、弓步與下階測試、踝關節 ROM,於基線、介入後立即與 2 週追蹤三個時間點量測。
- 理由:疼痛以單一 NPRS 量表量測,各時間點(基線、療後、追蹤)皆完整報告於 Table 5/6,未見從多個疼痛量表或多個時間點中挑選有利者,故答 PN。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The between-group differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney U and independent sample t tests. Two-Way ANOVA was used to assess the effects of group, time, and their interaction. ... Post hoc pairwise comparisons were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method.組間差異以 Mann-Whitney U 與獨立樣本 t 檢定評估;以雙因子 ANOVA 評估組別、時間及其交互作用;事後兩兩比較以 Bonferroni 校正。
- 理由:統計方法事先描述(依常態性決定參數/無母數),組間與組內、各時間點分析皆完整呈現,未見從多種分析結果中挑選有利者的證據,故答 PN。