COCHRANE ROB 2 · 偏誤風險評讀
早期流產率(懷孕12週前)
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總體判斷 OVERALL?Some concerns(有些疑慮)
Domain 與 overall 判斷由程式依 Cochrane RoB 2 官方演算法計算;AI 只負責回答下方各訊號問題。符號:+ 低風險、? 有些疑慮、- 高風險(不只靠顏色)。
風險偏誤紅綠燈
- +Domain 1 隨機化過程:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 2 偏離預定介入:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- +Domain 3 缺失結局資料:Low(低風險)
- +Domain 4 結局測量:Low(低風險)
- ?Domain 5 選擇性報告:Some concerns(有些疑慮)
- ?總體(Overall):Some concerns(有些疑慮)
中文摘要(給一般讀者)
這篇論文的偏誤風險與 limitation
單一中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照的平行組試驗,886 位植入胚胎的婦女隨機分派。隨機序列由統計師以 SAS 產生,經中央網路系統分配並密封,隨機與分配隱匿皆適當,全體基線均衡。安慰劑外觀、氣味、口感相符,受試者、研究者與分析者皆盲,兩組黃體支持相同,偏離介入的疑慮低。主要疑慮在分析族群:早期流產率只以達到臨床懷孕的婦女為分母,屬隨機後條件化的分析(中藥組臨床懷孕率較低,30.0% vs 35.2%),嚴格而言不是指派效果的適當估計;改以全體隨機者為分母時流產仍較少,但每位隨機受試者的活產率兩組幾乎相同,流產下降的臨床意義需保留。缺失資料極少且有最佳/最差情境分析,結局客觀且評估者盲。已事前註冊,但無法確認統計分析計畫在解盲前定案,且實際懷孕數未達原訂樣本數,摘要與內文 P 值、RR 數字有小出入。整體偏誤傾向落在「有些疑慮」。
詳細評讀(給專業讀者)
Domain 1:隨機化過程 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:隨機分組的過程——分配序列是否隨機產生、是否隱蔽到分組為止、基線(第一期開始時)是否平衡。
1.1 Was the allocation sequence random?
分配序列是否隨機產生?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The block randomization method was used. The length of the block was 4 and SAS9.4 ... The randomization sequence was independently generated by a statistician using SAS.採區塊隨機法,區塊長度為 4,以 SAS 9.4 產生……隨機序列由一位統計師以 SAS 獨立產生。
- 理由:以 SAS 軟體產生區塊隨機序列(區塊長度 4、1:1),且由獨立統計師產生,屬電腦亂數,序列具隨機成分。
1.2 Was the allocation sequence concealed until participants were enrolled and assigned to interventions?
分配是否隱蔽到分組為止?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:To ensure allocation concealment, the subject number, random number and corresponding drug number were obtained only by inputting the eligible women's birth date into the Central Randomization System for Clinical Research (Web Edition).為確保分配隱匿,受試者編號、隨機號與對應藥物編號只能在輸入合格婦女的出生日期後,由臨床研究中央隨機系統(網頁版)取得。
- 理由:採中央網路隨機系統,於受試者確認合格後才取得藥物編號,另有統計師以不透明信封個別密封分配,收案者無法事先得知下一位的分組,分配隱匿適當。
1.3 Did baseline differences between intervention groups suggest a problem with the randomization process?
(第一期開始時)基線差異是否暗示隨機化有問題?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:As presented in Table 1, intervention group and control group have similiar baseline characteristics in age, BMI, primary infertility, duration of infertility, previous spontaneous如表 1 所示,介入組與對照組在年齡、BMI、原發性不孕、不孕年數、既往自然流產等基線特徵相近。
- 理由:全體 886 位隨機受試者的基線(年齡、BMI、不孕原因、荷爾蒙、既往流產次數)與胚胎植入資料(新鮮或冷凍、植入次數、胚胎數與階段)兩組皆無顯著差異,差異大小與隨機機遇相符,看不出隨機過程有問題。既往流產中藥組略多(作者自述 47% vs 40%),P=0.156,屬機遇範圍。
Domain 2:偏離預定介入 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:實際執行時偏離預定的介入——盲性如何、是否依「隨機分到的組別」分析(ITT)。
2.1 Were participants aware of their assigned intervention during the trial?
參與者是否(在每一期)知道自己的分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The packaging and granules of placebo and PYG are identical in appearance, smelling and taste. ... Investigators, women enrolled, clinical trial coordinators and analysts were blinded to group allocation.安慰劑與培育顆粒的包裝和顆粒在外觀、氣味與口感上完全相同……研究者、受試婦女、臨床試驗協調員與分析者皆不知分組。
- 理由:為雙盲安慰劑對照,安慰劑外觀、氣味、口感相符,作者並以視覺、味覺、嗅覺三項指標檢核達標,受試者應不知分組。中藥組拒服藥者略多(17 vs 10),理論上可能與口感有關,但作者複檢安慰劑相符度無問題,故給 PN。
2.2 Were carers and people delivering the interventions aware of participants' assigned intervention during the trial?
照護/執行者是否(在每一期)知道分組?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Investigators, women enrolled, clinical trial coordinators and analysts were blinded to group allocation.研究者、受試婦女、臨床試驗協調員與分析者皆不知分組。
- 理由:研究者與臨床試驗協調員皆盲,藥物由 GCP 藥局依藥物編號發放,照護團隊應不知分組;黃體支持方案兩組相同。僅醫療緊急時可解盲並有紀錄,文中未提及發生解盲。
2.3 Were there deviations from the intended intervention that arose because of the trial context?
是否因試驗情境造成偏離?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.1/2.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.4 Were these deviations likely to have affected the outcome?
這些偏離是否可能影響結局?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.5 Were these deviations from intended intervention balanced between groups?
這些偏離在兩組間是否平衡?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 2.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
2.6 Was an appropriate analysis used to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention?
是否用了適當分析(ITT)?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:the early miscarriage rate was 12.8% (17/133) in intervention group compared with 22.4% (35/156) in the control group according to the intention-to-treat analysis ... Participants who lost to follow up were counted as no clinical pregnancy in intention-to-treat analysis.依意向治療分析,介入組早期流產率為 12.8%(17/133),對照組為 22.4%(35/156)……失聯者在意向治療分析中計為未臨床懷孕。
- 理由:作者雖稱 ITT,但主要結局的分母只限於「達到臨床懷孕」的婦女(133 與 156),把隨機後未懷孕的約三分之二受試者排除在分析外。是否懷孕是隨機後才發生、且可能受分組影響的事件(中藥組臨床懷孕率反而較低,30.0% vs 35.2%),依官方指引,排除隨機後合格受試者的分析不算估計指派效果的適當分析,故給 PN。
2.7 Was there potential for a substantial impact (on the result) of the failure to analyse participants in the group to which they were randomized?
未依隨機分組分析,是否可能對結果造成重大影響?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Clinical intrauterine pregnancy rates were 30.0% (133 of 443) in the intervention group and 35.2% (156 of 443) in the control group ... Live-birth rates were 25.3% (112 of 443) in the intervention group and 25.7% (114 of 443) in the control group介入組臨床子宮內懷孕率 30.0%(133/443),對照組 35.2%(156/443)……活產率介入組 25.3%(112/443),對照組 25.7%(114/443)。
- 理由:若改以全體隨機受試者為分母(17/443 vs 35/443,本評讀以程式計算 P≈0.01),早期流產仍是中藥組較少,方向與顯著性不變,排除未懷孕者對「早期流產」這個數字的影響看來不大,故給 PN。但須注意:中藥組臨床懷孕較少 23 例、早期流產較少 18 例,每位隨機受試者的活產率兩組幾乎相同,條件化分析顯示的流產下降可能部分反映懷孕族群組成不同,解讀時應保留。
Domain 3:缺失結局資料 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局資料缺失——是否幾乎所有人都有資料、缺失是否可能與病情(結局真實值)相關。
3.1 Were data for this outcome available for all, or nearly all, participants randomized?
是否幾乎所有受試者都有此結局的資料?
- 回答:是(Yes — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:2 participants (1 in intervention group and 1 in control group) lost to follow-up, and we failed to collect their early miscarriage outcome.2 位受試者(介入組與對照組各 1 位)失聯,未能取得其早期流產結局。
- 理由:臨床懷孕者中僅各 1 位缺早期流產資料(約 0.7%),退出者的結局也以病歷或電話追回,幾乎所有應有結局者都有資料。
3.2 Is there evidence that the result was not biased by missing outcome data?
是否有證據顯示結果未受缺失資料偏誤?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.1 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.3 Could missingness in the outcome depend on its true value?
缺失是否可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.2 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
3.4 Is it likely that missingness in the outcome depended on its true value?
缺失是否很可能取決於結局真實值?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 3.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 4:結局測量 — 判斷:Low
偏誤來源:結局的測量——測量工具是否恰當、評估者是否盲化、評估是否可能受分組知情影響。
4.1 Was the method of measuring the outcome inappropriate?
結局測量方法是否不適當?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was early miscarriage, defined as the loss of a viable intrauterine pregnancy up to and including gestational week 12 + 0.主要結局為早期流產,定義為懷孕 12+0 週(含)以前失去存活的子宮內懷孕。
- 理由:早期流產以超音波確認的臨床懷孕與後續妊娠丟失為準,是標準且客觀的生殖醫學結局,測量方法適當。
4.2 Could measurement or ascertainment of the outcome have differed between intervention groups?
(每一序列內)結局測量是否可能因介入而異?
- 回答:否(No — 有明確證據支持)
- 原文引述:All women enrolled were subject to the same follow-up protocols. ... A trained researcher recorded pregnancy outcomes at the 12th week of gestational age and after birth by follow-up telephone.所有納入婦女接受相同追蹤流程……由受過訓練的研究人員在懷孕第 12 週與分娩後以電話追蹤記錄懷孕結局。
- 理由:兩組追蹤時間點、方式與定義相同,測量方法不會因組別而不同。
4.3 Were outcome assessors aware of the intervention received by study participants?
結局評估者是否知道受試者接受的介入?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:Investigators, women enrolled, clinical trial coordinators and analysts were blinded to group allocation. ... Blinding was maintained until statistical analysis was completed.研究者、受試婦女、臨床試驗協調員與分析者皆不知分組……盲性維持到統計分析完成。
- 理由:負責記錄懷孕結局的研究人員屬研究者之列,盲性維持至統計分析完成,結局評估者應不知分組;未明確寫出電話追蹤者本身的盲性,故給 PN 而非 N。
4.4 Could assessment of the outcome have been influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.3 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
4.5 Is it likely that assessment of the outcome was influenced by knowledge of intervention received?
結局評估是否很可能受介入知情影響?
- 回答:不需評估(NA)
- 原因:條件題:依 4.4 的答案,本題依 RoB 2 官方路由不需評估(NA)。
Domain 5:選擇性報告 — 判斷:Some concerns
偏誤來源:選擇性報告結果——是否依事前訂定的分析計畫分析、有無從多個結果中挑選有利者報告(交叉另含:是否因偵測到殘留而只報第一期)。
5.1 Were the data that produced this result analysed in accordance with a pre-specified analysis plan that was finalized before unblinded outcome data were available for analysis?
是否依事前訂定(取得未盲化資料前定版)的分析計畫分析?
- 回答:資訊不足(No information — 原文未提供足以判斷的資訊)
- 原文引述:Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=12343 identifier, ChiCTR-inr-16010087. ... the sample size was calculated based on achieving 175 clinical臨床試驗註冊:ChiCTR-inr-16010087……樣本數是以每組達到 175 例臨床懷孕為基礎計算。
- 理由:試驗於 2016 年在中國臨床試驗註冊中心登錄(收案始於 2017 年 2 月),主要結局在方法中明確定義,但論文未提供事前定案的統計分析計畫,也無法由文中確認分析是否在解盲前定案;另實際臨床懷孕數(133、156)低於原訂每組 175 例,作者事後以另一流產率假設說明樣本數足夠。依規格無法確認時答 NI。
5.2 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible outcome measurements (e.g. scales, definitions, time points) within the outcome domain?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多個量表/定義/時間點中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The primary outcome was early miscarriage, defined as the loss of a viable intrauterine pregnancy up to and including gestational week 12 + 0.主要結局為早期流產,定義為懷孕 12+0 週(含)以前失去存活的子宮內懷孕。
- 理由:主要結局只有單一定義與單一時間點(12+0 週),另列的「28 週前流產」與「晚期流產」也一併報告,未見從多種量測中挑選有利者。
5.3 Is the numerical result being assessed likely to have been selected, on the basis of the results, from multiple eligible analyses of the data?
此數值結果是否可能依結果,從多種分析中選出?
- 回答:可能否(Probably no — 綜合判斷後傾向「否」)
- 原文引述:The intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol methods were used to analyze primary and secondary end points ... The post hoc per-protocol analysis remained consistent with the intention-to-treat analysis以意向治療與符合計畫書兩種方法分析主要與次要結局……事後的符合計畫書分析結果與意向治療分析一致。
- 理由:ITT、符合計畫書與最佳/最差情境敏感度分析皆有報告且結論一致,未見挑選有利分析的跡象。惟報告有小瑕疵:摘要寫 P=0.02、內文與表 3 寫 P=0.03;標示為 RR 的 0.51 依原始數字核算較接近勝算比(依比率算 RR 約 0.57),屬報告錯誤,不影響方向。